Architectural Designs

can i building surveyor and still provide architectural design services on the side? i finished my master in architecture and don't want to practice architecture because the nature of the job so i am switching over to become a building surveyor. so was wondering can i or is it common to be a building surveyor and still offer design services on the side? i am from Australia and my city is Perth.

Do you think brutalism was one of the worst architectural styles? I find brutalism among the ugliest architectural designs to ever become popular. Am I the only one puzzled over how it became so common from the 50s through the 70s?

What types of houses are popular in Manhattan? I'm writing a story and a scene takes place in a Manhattan townhouse. What kinds of architectural designs are present in Manhattan? Are brownstones common, or are they referred to as something else? I guess I just need to know if townhouses or duplexes have a different name in that part of the city.

Which sentence correctly describes a characteristic of the Parthenon? Its design incorporates features of the Corinthian order of Classical Greek architecture. The temple walls were originally topped by a massive marble dome. Its pediment was filled with relief sculptures that depicted scenes from the lives of common Athenians. The architectural plan is based on mathematical ratios, symmetry, and proportion.

Are there any other people left that consider architectural ornamentation a positive thing? Since the beginnings of the Modernist artistic current, ornament has been rejected as frivolous, tasteless and lacking any aesthetic value. Austrian architect Adolf Loos even wrote an essay called "Ornament and Crime", in which he argued that architectural ornament is primitive and morally degenerate, and compared it to facial tattoos, a common form of body ornamentation in primitive cultures. I do not agree with this. In my opinion, ornamentation (when it is not excessive) only adds to the beauty of a building. I find modern architecture too rough, too geometric, unpleasantly contrasting with the natural environment. It seems... I don't know, cold and unwelcoming. All in all, I do not like it. My favorite architectural styles are Classical (especially Roman architecture) and Neoclassical, Gothic and a few fictional styles (like some of the styles from, say, Aion or WoW). Problem is, my opinion seems to be shared by very few people today. The exclusion of ornament from architecture is quasi-dogmatic, so to say. If I am ever to become an architect and want to design such a building, I'm afraid nobody would accept to have it designed like that. The International style seems to be the only one allowed. I wonder if there's anyone else that has the same views about this. I'm also interested in others' opinions on architectural ornamentation in general. Do you consider ornamentation a positive thing? Why?/Why not? @bigMik: Compare Marie Antoinette's bedroom with Gothic cathedrals and see which has more ornaments per square meter. That's the excessive ornamentation I was talking about. Also, I can imagine how much time and money it would take to build such a structure. I'm just saying that I think it's worth it-- some extra effort in exchange for wonderful buildings that would last over centuries. It's a luxury, one that humanity perhaps can't afford right now in these hard economic times, but maybe someday it will. Plus, I can't see why we couldn't use modern techniques to improve the process of ornamenting, to save money and time. I was looking for more like an aesthetic approach to this, not an economic one. You said you didn't like ornamentation, but didn't bring any arguments as to how beautiful/ugly you consider them.

can you suggest what i really want to do? I wanna be an architect and built amazing beautiful buildings for teh common people. whenever i see building designs on the net my heart beats like crazy...... if i think about a design i won't let my pen down until i drew it.. may take hours.. i can't sleep once i start imagining architectural designs in my head!! but the thing is i also love science.. especially physics.. that all i do all the time... whatever i see or am doing i think about how it might work and what could have been done to make ti better.. i can't pass a day with watching space documentary.. i like quantum physics ans space science.. i have this thirst that i want satisfy. i want to know so much about the universe.. ya know.. i will be going to college this year.. if i do well in SAT... but i don't know which way i shud go... help please??

How can i make this paper better? Hi, i was wondering if you would be willing to help proofread/rearrange my paper to make it better? Thanks Throughout history, one thing that always manages to catch my eye is the design theme of each society. I find it very interesting how if you jump from society to society you can see a distinct different in their architectural design. Naturally, when I was flipping through chapters 8-13 I noticed the different architectural designs and decided that I had to comment on the uniqueness of each style of architecture. Starting with Islamic mosques, the first thing I noticed were the arches. The Islamic used several types of arches. These types included the horseshoe, pointed and muqarnas arch. The muqarnas arch were unique to Islam and builders started using this design more and more as the designs became more beautiful to look at. Mosques were also laid out in several different ways, one of which is called a centrally planned mosque which were influenced by Byzantine churches. This design included large open spaces without support beams capped with a dome overhead. Overall I would have to say Islamic architecture is very pretty, especially when there’s a dome on top. To me it seems like the dome caps off the whole structure based on the The Great Mosque on page 290. When we move on to architecture of South and Southeast Asian before 1200, we see a total different style compared to the Islamic architecture. At first glance, I was in awe looking at the pictures in the book of these structures, partically the one on page 321 of the East Torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi. I was most impressed by the attention to detail on the carvings on the gate. Overall South and Southeast Asian architecture is so different and unique compared to any of the other type of architecture I have seen in this book to date. Another great example is the Rajarajeshvara Temple to Shiva on page 335. Just looking at the temple I’m amazed especially when I look at the size of the people entering on the stairs; it just attests to the sure size of the temple. Temples like these usually have a capstone on top. It was also common for architecture from this time to include a dome or towers called shikharas and vimanas. Chinese and Korean art before 1279 is very interesting. It consists of many different themes depending on what part of asia it was located in. In Indian they had stupas, which were building outwards with massive tops as a top piece. When we move on to architecture from central asia, china, northwestern china and japan we can notice that the new theme is to built upwards. Central asian stupas were build with domes over the top like the stupas in Indian. Watchtoweers in china were build exteremly skinny and tall. Stone pagodas or northewestern china were build with 3 teirs while wooden pagodas of japan were built with many levels. Japanese architecture before 1392 is absolutely amazing to look at. Phoenix Hall on p. 384 is an great example of this. Its built next to the water with vast openings and huge rooftops. Their design themes were influenced by the early Koreans and Chineses. Usually buildings would be built next to each other to form a complex. Each complex typically included the pagoda, main and lecture hall, bell tower, repository for sutras, dormitory and dining hall. Most of the worshiping would happen in the main hall while the lecture hall was used at study areas. One thing that I read online while researching Japanese architecture was how the Shinto rebuilt building around every 20 years with an exact replica of what was built before. I was curious to why they would do this but found no answers in my additional research. I think it might have been just to keep buildings nice and refreshed although I’m not sure if the time to rebuild the building would be worth the reward. The architecture of the Americas before 1300 was very different depending on the location. My favorite piece of architecture would be the Temple of the Feathered Serpent on page 401. What I really like about this is the choice of design for the outside. It’s so unique and interesting to look at. Whenever I stare at this piece I always wonder what the designer was thinking about when he chose this design. A big society of the Americas before 1300 was the Mayan. The Mayan built many different structures but they all have a few things in common. Most Maya building consists of steps, their usually very wide and steep. For temples there usually are two chambers inside the buildings, one behind the other. As far as architecture of ancient Africa there are not many examples in the book. One of the few examples can be found on page 434 which shows the Great Friday Mosque. At first I had to do a double take because I didn’t believe this was real. The whole design with the sticks pointing out of it and all the points on the tops of the walls make this mosque look like something I’d build on the beach. My sources for this paper inc

Teach myself Spanish? Hi folks, I'm an ethnic Chinese from Singapore who grew up speaking English and Mandarin. I'm thinking of learning another language--Spanish. However, this would be my first time learning a foreign language as an adult (I'm 20) and to be honest, it is pretty intimidating staring at a passage of Spanish words that I cannot recognize. So how should I start? Do I start from grammar first? Or shall I make use of the Pimsleur CDs? What about watching cartoons in Spanish (if there are any) online? Which accent to learn from first? What's my reason of learning Spanish? You see... Since I can read Chinese and English newspapers, it really broadens my horizon. Reading materials in these 2 different languages is like living in 2 different worlds. It trains us to think differently and understand as well as accepting differing opinions. Knowing Mandarin also enables me to get a glimpse of the East Asian cultures (eg. Japan and Korea). Confucianism...does it ring a bell? However, I don't know anything about the Hispanic culture! When I try to find English newspapers about Latin America, they are mostly from a American point of view. I've heard of this man Hugo Chavez many times, but I hardly know how people in Latin America think of him. Most newspapers in these countries are in Spanish! And I can't read them! Haha...so that's why I want to learn Spanish. And I have yet figured out why touching is very common among Hispanics. It is only recently that I've found out that many Hispanics are Catholics. Oh well, I guess I have to read more on the history about the Spanish Empire. I also have not figured out why architectural design of the churches in Russia is so different from those in the Western Europe. The Russian churches look a bit similar to the mosques. Aren't Islam and Christianity totally different? Haha, I think I have to focus on Spanish first, Russian can come later... Help to answer my questions if you can. Thanks a lot! ;)

how to be more efficient at drafting (technical drawing)? I recently started an architectural design class and since I love drawing, I thought I'd really like this. Well, I do like it, but it takes me forever to do a drawing. And to make matters worse, my teacher doesn't tell us how to things, so I have to figure out how to do stuff and most of the time it isn't the most efficient way. For example, today I had to do a brick layout, which would have been easy because it's only 8" rectangles side by side except there is a 1/2" mortar in between the bricks. So I can't draw a rectangle and divide it by 8, because of the 1/2". Needless to say, I'm still not done the drawing and it's due tomorrow. What are some common mistakes you architects and drafting technologists made when you first started drawing, and how did you fix them? Yes, I am literally drawing, using paper and pencil (and it has to be the right linecolour too). It's grueling work! I think my teacher is doing that to us so that when the time comes to use AutoCAD, we'll notice the big contrast between doing it by hand using the computer.

Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? I did the work i just want you guys to check and see if the answers are right. please no guessing if you know if they are right or wrong answers. 1.Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A.They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B.They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C.They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures----(i picked C) D.They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2.The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A.buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B.tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light.---(i picked B) C.exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D.structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3.Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A.A historical scene B.People doing their daily chores working in the fields C.Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D.A map of the world---(D) 4.Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A.Block letters printed from the first printing presses B.Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text----(B) C.Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D.Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5.What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A.Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers.----(A) B.It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C.It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D.It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6.Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A.The concept of divine right to marry a person B.The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry---(B) C.The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D.The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7.What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A.Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B.It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C.It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England.---(C) D.It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8.In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A.Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions.--(A) B.Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C.The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D.They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9.What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A.He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B.He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth.--(B) C.He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D.He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10.What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A.Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B.People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C.A new class of educated people that shared common experiences---(C) D.An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries Please just check my work and let me know which one is right and which one i wrong. Thank you

Could someone please help me with my Design Tech homework? 1)Explain why using Cartesian coordinates enables CAD users systems to produce more accurate drawings than those produced by hand. 2)what are the two main parts of CAD? 3)Why would it be easy to make two circles exactly the same size using CAD? 4) Monitors, printers, and plotters are all examples of what? 5)List two reasons why engineers and designers use CAD 6)Name at least two common uses of 2D CAD 7)What are three kinds of models in 3D models in CAD? 8)What is the difference between surface models and solid models? 9)What is usually the first CAD step for a mechanical designer? 10)List three reasons why mathematical data created during 3D modeling is very important 11)What necessary documents (beside drawings) can an architectural CAD system create Please help!

Do you think this true about the taj Mahal? No one has ever challenged it except Prof. P. N. Oak, who believes the whole world has been duped. In his book Taj Mahal: The True Story, Oak says the Taj Mahal is not Queen Mumtaz's tomb but an ancient Hindu temple palace of Lord Shiva (then known as Tejo Mahalaya ) . In the course of his research O ak discovered that the Shiva temple palace was usurped by Shah Jahan from then Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. In his own court ch ronicle, Badshahnama, Shah Jahan admits that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was taken from Jai SIngh for Mumtaz's burial . The ex-Maharaja of Jaipur still retains in his secret collection two orders from Shah Jahan for surrendering the Taj building. Using captured temples and mansions, as a burial place for dead courtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers. For example, Humayun,Akbar, Etmud-ud-Daula and Safdarjung are all buried in such mansions. Oak's inquiries began with the name of Taj Mahal. He says the term " Mahal " has never been used for a building in any Muslim countries from Afghanisthan to Algeria . "The unusual explanation that the term Taj Mahal derives from Mumtaz Mahal was illogical in atleast two respects. Firstly, her name was never Mumtaz Mahal but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani," he writes. Secondly, one cannot omit the first three letters 'Mum' from a woman's name to derive the remainder as the name for the building."Taj Mahal, he claims, is a corrupt version of Tejo Mahalaya, or Lord Shiva's Palace . Oak also says the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale cre ated by court sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists Not a single royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story. Furthermore, Oak cites several documents suggesting the Taj Mahal predates Shah Jahan's era, and was a temple dedicated to Shiva, worshipped by Rajputs of Agra city. For example, Prof. Marvin Miller of New York took a few samples from the riverside doorway of the Taj. Carbon dating tests revealed that the door was 300 years older than Shah Jahan. European traveler Johan Albert Mandelslo,who visited Agra in 1638 (only seven years after Mumtaz's death), describes the life of the cit y in his memoirs. But he makes no reference to the Taj Mahal being built. The writings of Peter Mundy, an English visitor to Agra within a year of Mumtaz's death, also suggest the Taj was a noteworthy building well before Shah Jahan's time. Prof. Oak points out a number of design and architectural inconsistencies that support the belief of the Taj Mahal being a typical Hindu temple rather than a mausoleum. Many rooms in the Taj ! Mahal have remained sealed since Shah Jahan's time and are still inaccessible to the public . Oak asserts they contain a headless statue of Lord Shiva and other objects commonly used for worship rituals in Hindu temples Fearing political backlash, Indira Gandhi's government t ried to have Prof. Oak's book withdrawn from the bookstores, and threatened the Indian publisher of the first edition dire consequences . There is only one way to discredit or validate Oak's research. Should the current government should open the sealed rooms of the Taj Ma hal under U.N. supervision, and let international experts investigate. yea sorry i know its a bit long :( its just something i read no need to be aggressive i didnt say it was true etc just your opinions pliz

NC Homeowners Association Question? I live in a very small (45 private lots) subdivision with no dedicated common areas or amenities (developed in 1986). Covenants were recorded but only cover architectural designs/astethics of the neighborhood. There is a lighted sign at the entrance and various flowerbeds on some of the corner lots. We now have a few part-time residents who feel the need to create a Homeowners Association and assess us for among other things mowing/weed-eating, tree-removal and flowers! We have no common area! We don't mind contributing some money for the sign and flowers, but resent having to pay for mowing other folks grass-let alone the legal costs they are asking for to start up the HOA. The original covenants never mentioned the formation of a HOA (no need for one) so how can they create one now (20 years later?) Would all lot owners have to agree?

How did the Egyptians build the pyramids (Giza in particular)? Before you say anything dumb, I don't think extraterrestrials did it. But I was watching a segment on the History channel and it talked about how most of these blocks weighed around 2 tons, and there were 2.3 million stone blocks used. TODAY, architectural designers say a feat like this would nearly be impossible today, even with the MACHINES we had today. How did the Egyptians, not having any advanced tools (we suppose), build these mega-monuments. The architectural designs are nearly perfect so that you could barely slip a piece of paper inside one of the crevices of the Giza pyramids. I understand that the pyramids are "supposed" to be used as a burial site for the Pharaoh(s) and all his/her treasures. But wouldn't something that big be an easy target for grave robbers? What if the pyramids had another purpose; the Giza pyramids do line up with stars in orion's belt and they are geographically located at the centre of the planet (if flattened out). What if they had some advance tool given to them by advance beings from another planet. I GIVE the Egyptians credit for building these pyramids, but what was the all determining catalyst? As you look all over the world you see similar structures to the pyramids, such as in South America and Mexico, but the Egyptians and Inca/Aztec/Mayans/etc didn't mingle or share ideas, or did they? How can pyramidal structures be so common all over the world? EDIT: plus there are no written records of how they built them. SO we can only have theories of how they did.

Why is the Indian Govt. & the Waqf board reluctant to open the doors and chambers of the Taj? If you have ever visited the Taj Mahal then your guide probably told you that it was designed by Ustad Isa of Iran, and built by the Moghul Emperor, Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Indian children are taught that it was built in 22 years (1631 to 1653) by 20,000 artisans brought to India from all over the world. This story has been challenged by Professor P.N. Oak, author of Taj Mahal: The True Story, who believes that the whole world has been duped. He claims that the Taj Mahal is not Queen Mumtaz Mahal's tomb, but an ancient Hindu temple palace of Lord Shiva (then known as Tejo Mahalaya), worshipped by the Rajputs of Agra city. In the course of his research, Oak discovered that the Shiva temple palace had been usurped by Shah Jahan from then Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. Shah Jahan then remodelled the palace into his wife's memorial. In his own court chronicle, Badshahnama, Shah Jahan admits that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was taken from Jai Singh for Mumtaz's burial. The ex-Maharaja of Jaipur is said to retain in his secret collection two orders from Shah Jahan for the surrender of the Taj building. The use of captured temples and mansions as a burial place for dead courtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers. For example, Hamayun, Akbar, Etmud-ud-Daula and Safdarjung are all buried in such mansions. Oak's inquiries begin with the name Taj Mahal. He says this term does not occur in any Moghul court papers or chronicles, even after Shah Jahan's time. The term 'Mahal' has never been used for a building in any of the Muslim countries, from Afghanistan to Algeria. 'The usual explanation that the term Taj Mahal derives from Mumtaz Mahal is illogical in at least two respects. Firstly, her name was never Mumtaz Mahal but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani,' he writes. 'Secondly, one cannot omit the first three letters from a woman's name to derive the remainder as the name for the building.' Taj Mahal is, he claims, a corrupt version of Tejo-mahalaya, or the Shiva's Palace. Oak also says that the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale created by court sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists. Not a single royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story. Furthermore, Oak cites several documents suggesting that the Taj Mahal predates Shah Jahan's era: * Professor Marvin Miller of New York took samples from the riverside doorway of the Taj. Carbon dating tests revealed that the door was 300 years older than Shah Jahan. * European traveller Johan Albert Mandelslo, who visited Agra in 1638 (only seven years after Mumtaz's death), describes the life of the city in his memoirs, but makes no reference to the Taj Mahal being built. * The writings of Peter Mundy, an English visitor to Agra within a year of Mumtaz's death, also suggest that the Taj was a noteworthy building long well before Shah Jahan's time. Oak also points out a number of design and architectural inconsistencies that support the belief that the Taj Mahal is a typical Hindu temple rather than a mausoleum. Many rooms in the Taj Mahal have remained sealed since Shah Jahan's time, and are still inaccessible to the public. Oak asserts they contain a headless statue of Shiva and other objects commonly used for worship rituals in Hindu temples. Fearing political backlash, Indira Gandhi's government tried to have Oak's book withdrawn from the bookstores, and threatened the Indian publisher of the first edition with dire consequences. The only way to really validate or discredit Oak's research is to open the sealed rooms of the Taj Mahal, and allow international experts to investigate. 'britsin' is correct but I'd rather know the truth about a place when I visit it. It seems to me that the Congress government is milking the tourist dollars, sorry Rupees as long as it can. If Taj Mahal is declared a Hindu temple then it might attract far fewer tourists from the West, so they assume. Why is there so much secrecy about the place of international interest? 85% of the Indians are Hindu. If a building represented India and happened to be a Hindu temple would it be grossly unjust?

i need to give a speech in my school morning assembly. ihave a speechready please tell me if it is good or not No one has ever challenged it except Prof. P. N. Oak, who believes that the whole world has been duped. In his book Taj Mahal: The True Story, Oak says the Taj Mahal is not Queen Mumtaz's tomb but an ancient Hindu temple palace of Lord Shiva (then known as Tejo Mahalaya ) . In the course of his research O ak discovered that the Shiva temple palace was usurped by Shah Jahan from then Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. In his own court chronicle, Badshahnama, Shah Jahan admits that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was taken from Jai SIngh for Mumtaz's burial . The ex-Maharaja of Jaipur still retains in his secret collection two orders from Shah Jahan for surrendering the Taj building. Using captured temples and mansions, as a burial place for dead courtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers. For example, Humayun,Akbar, Etmud-ud-Daula and Safdarjung are all buried in such mansions. Oak's inquiries began with the name of Taj Mahal. He says the term " Mahal " has never been used for a building in any Muslim countries from Afghanisthan to Algeria. "The unusual explanation that the term Taj Mahal derives from Mumtaz Mahal was illogical in atleast two respects. Firstly, her name was never Mumtaz Mahal but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani ," he writes. Secondly, one cannot omit the first three letters 'Mum' from a woman's name to derive the remainder as the name for the building."Taj Mahal, he claims, is a corrupt version of Tejo Mahalaya, or Lord Shiva's Palace . Oak also says the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale created by court sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists. Not a single royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story. Furthermore, Oak cites several documents suggesting the Taj Mahal predates Shah Jahan's era, and was a temple dedicated to Shiva, worshipped by Rajputs of Agra city. For example, Prof. Marvin Miller of New York took a few samples from the riverside doorway of the Taj. Carbon dating tests revealed that the door was 300 years older than Shah Jahan. European traveler Johan Albert Mandelslo, who visited Agra in 1638 (only seven years after Mumtaz's death), describes the life of the cit y in his memoirs. But he makes no reference to the Taj Mahal being built. The writings of Peter Mundy, an English visitor to Agra within a year of Mumtaz's death, also suggest the Taj was a noteworthy building well before Shah Jahan's time. Prof. Oak points out a number of design and architectural inconsistencies that support the belief of the Taj Mahal being a typical Hindu temple rather than a mausoleum. Many rooms in the Taj ! Mahal have remained sealed since Shah Jahan's time and are still inaccessible to the public. Oak asserts they contain a headless statue of Lord Shiva and other objects commonly used for worship rituals in Hindu temples. Fearing political backlash, Indira Gandhi's government tried to have Prof. Oak's book withdrawn from the bookstores, and threatened the Indian publisher of the first edition dire consequences. There is only one way to discredit or validate Oak's research. The current government should open the sealed rooms of the Taj Mahal under U.N. supervision, and let international experts investigate.Whatever the truth be, whether Taj Mahal belongs to the Hindus or Muslims, the fact is that it belongs to Indians. This is what an Indian has to remember that he is an Indian first and then a Hindu or Muslim or a Christian. please tell me honestly

i have to give a speech in my school assembly.i,v a speechready pleaz tell me whether its good or not honestly No one has ever challenged it except Prof. P. N. Oak, who believes that the whole world has been duped. In his book Taj Mahal: The True Story, Oak says the Taj Mahal is not Queen Mumtaz's tomb but an ancient Hindu temple palace of Lord Shiva (then known as Tejo Mahalaya ) . In the course of his research O ak discovered that the Shiva temple palace was usurped by Shah Jahan from then Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. In his own court chronicle, Badshahnama, Shah Jahan admits that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was taken from Jai SIngh for Mumtaz's burial . The ex-Maharaja of Jaipur still retains in his secret collection two orders from Shah Jahan for surrendering the Taj building. Using captured temples and mansions, as a burial place for dead courtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers. For example, Humayun,Akbar, Etmud-ud-Daula and Safdarjung are all buried in such mansions. Oak's inquiries began with the name of Taj Mahal. He says the term " Mahal " has never been used for a building in any Muslim countries from Afghanisthan to Algeria. "The unusual explanation that the term Taj Mahal derives from Mumtaz Mahal was illogical in atleast two respects. Firstly, her name was never Mumtaz Mahal but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani ," he writes. Secondly, one cannot omit the first three letters 'Mum' from a woman's name to derive the remainder as the name for the building."Taj Mahal, he claims, is a corrupt version of Tejo Mahalaya, or Lord Shiva's Palace . Oak also says the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale created by court sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists. Not a single royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story. Furthermore, Oak cites several documents suggesting the Taj Mahal predates Shah Jahan's era, and was a temple dedicated to Shiva, worshipped by Rajputs of Agra city. For example, Prof. Marvin Miller of New York took a few samples from the riverside doorway of the Taj. Carbon dating tests revealed that the door was 300 years older than Shah Jahan. European traveler Johan Albert Mandelslo, who visited Agra in 1638 (only seven years after Mumtaz's death), describes the life of the cit y in his memoirs. But he makes no reference to the Taj Mahal being built. The writings of Peter Mundy, an English visitor to Agra within a year of Mumtaz's death, also suggest the Taj was a noteworthy building well before Shah Jahan's time. Prof. Oak points out a number of design and architectural inconsistencies that support the belief of the Taj Mahal being a typical Hindu temple rather than a mausoleum. Many rooms in the Taj ! Mahal have remained sealed since Shah Jahan's time and are still inaccessible to the public. Oak asserts they contain a headless statue of Lord Shiva and other objects commonly used for worship rituals in Hindu temples. Fearing political backlash, Indira Gandhi's government tried to have Prof. Oak's book withdrawn from the bookstores, and threatened the Indian publisher of the first edition dire consequences. There is only one way to discredit or validate Oak's research. The current government should open the sealed rooms of the Taj Mahal under U.N. supervision, and let international experts investigate.Whatever the truth be, whether Taj Mahal belongs to the Hindus or Muslims, the fact is that it belongs to Indians. This is what an Indian has to remember that he is an Indian first and then a Hindu or Muslim or a Christian.

don't bother thank youuu? Payback analysis determines how long it takes an information system to pay for itself through reduced costs and increased benefits. physical design The physical design of an information system is a plan for the actual implementation of the system. prototype A prototype is an early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system. prototyping The method by which a prototype is developed. It involves a repetitive sequence of analysis, design, modeling, and testing. It is a common technique that can be used to design anything from a new home to a computer network. read-only properties Elements of an application that can configured so users can view, but not change the data. report generator A report generator, also called a report writer, is a tool for designing formatted reports rapidly. request for proposal (RFP) A request for proposal (RFP) is a written list of features and specifications given to prospective vendors before a specific product or package has been selected. request for quotation (RFQ) A request for quotation (RFQ) is used to obtain a price quotation or bid on a specific product or package. return on investment (ROI) A percentage rate that measures profitability by comparing the total net benefits (the return) received from a project to the total costs (the investment) of the project. ROI = (total benefits - total costs) / total costs. screen generators A screen generator is a component of some user applications that allows users to design their own data entry forms and reports. service-oriented architecture (SOA)Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural style whose goal is to achieve loose coupling among interacting software objects that can provide services. service provider A firm that offers outsourcing solutions. Two popular outsourcing options involve application service providers and firms that offer Internet business services. Software as a Service (SaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) is redefining the way that companies develop and deploy their information systems. SaaS is a model of software delivery that cuts across all market segments, including homes and business of all sizes. Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) An industry group that focuses on the digital economy. The SIIA believes that the concept of software as a service is redefining the way that companies develop and deploy their information systems. software license A software license gives users the right to use the software under certain terms and conditions. software package Software that is purchased or leased from another firm. software requirements specification A software requirements specification, or system requirements document, contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management. It is the end product of the systems analysis phase. software vendors Companies that develop software for sale. subscription model A service model that charges a variable fee for an application based on the number of users or workstations that have access to the application. system prototyping System prototyping produces a full-featured, working model of the information system being developed. system requirements document A system requirements document, or software requirements specification, contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management. It is the end product of the systems analysis phase. systems design The goal of systems design is to build a system that is effective, reliable, and maintainable. throwaway prototyping Prototyping of user requirements, after which the prototype is discarded and implementation continues. Also called design prototyping. transaction model A service model that charges a variable fee for an application based on the volume of transactions or operations performed by the application. Also called a usage model. usage model A service model that charges a variable fee for an application based on the volume of transactions or operations performed by the application. Also called a transaction model. user application User applications utilize standard business software, such as Microsoft Office 2003, that has been configured in a specific manner to enhance user productivity. A user interface includes screens, commands, controls, and features that enable users to interact more effectively with an application. value-added reseller (VAR) A firm that enhances a commercial package by adding custom features and configuring it for a particular industry. vertical application A software package that has been developed to handle information requirements for a specific type of business. WebSphere IBM's Web-based development environment. Web services are Web-based modular applications that can perform functions that can be q

please help i need to pass this history test? 1. Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A) They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B) They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C) They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures. D) They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2. The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A) buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B) tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light. C) exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D) structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3. Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A) A historical scene B) People doing their daily chores working in the fields C) Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D) A map of the world 4. Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A) Block letters printed from the first printing presses B) Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text C) Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D) Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5. What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A) Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers. B) It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C) It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D) It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A) The concept of divine right to marry a person B) The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry C) The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D) The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7. What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A) Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B) It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C) It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England. D) It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8. In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A) Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions. B) Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C) The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D) They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9. What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A) He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B) He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth. C) He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D) He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10. What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A) Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B) People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C) A new class of educated people that shared common experiences D) An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries

Rappers are alot smarter than you think? Look at all these rappers that went to college. Plies Lil Wayne attended University of Houston for a little while, he studied psycology (I was surprised when I googled that and found out) Kanye West (he was a college dropout) Diddy- I think he went to Howard University I'm not sure, but I know he attended college Ludacris graduated Summa Com Laude from Georgia State University David Banner has a bachelor's degree in business from Southern University - and a master's in education from the University of Maryland. Talib Kweli studied experimental theater at New York University (NYU). Paul Wall went to UH. M.I.A. graduated from London's Central Saint Martins College of AIce Cube studied architectural drafting at the Pheonix Institute of Technology art and Design Flavor Flav graduated from Adelphi University Common, formerly known as Common Sense, studied business at Florida A&M University E-40 studied at Grambling I'm sure there is more. Sorry about that Ice Cube studied architectural drafting at the Pheonix Institute of Technology

Which program should I enroll in to? Accounting Aerospace Engineering Architectural Science Architecture Biology Broadcasting Building Science Business Caribbean Studies Chemical Engineering Chemistry Child and Youth Care Civil Engineering Combined Media Common Engineering Communication Computer Engineering Computer Science Contemporary Science Contemporary Studies Criminal Justice Disability Studies Early Childhood Education Economics Electrical Engineering Engineering, Architecture and Science English Entrepreneurship Environmental Health Family Studies Fashion Film Studies Finance Food Management Food Security Foods French French Studies Geography Gerontology Graphic Communications Health Information Management Health Services Management History Hospitality/Tourism Human Resources Industrial Engineering Information Technology Management Interdisciplinary Studies Interior Design International Business Journalism Justice Studies Law Management Marketing Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Media Studies Midwifery Music New Non-Profit Nursing Nutrition Occupational Health Pathotherapeutics Performance Philosophy Photography Physics Physiology Planning Politics and Public Administration Professional Practice Project Management Psychology Quantitative Methods Research Methods Retail Management Social Sciences Social Work Sociology Spanish Spanish Studies Work Term I took Information technology Management and didn't really like it and plus I failed accounting. So right now I have been at home for almost 2 yrs I would like to go back to university :(. But don't really know what to pick?

Looking for standard heights of doors, windows, cabinets? Hello to all. As the title suggests, I'm looking for some reference in regards to the standard placements of windows, doors, cabinets and such things. I can usually find what I need on the internet, but it is exhausting looking for each individual item. I have recently begun to get into 3d architectural visualization and would like to build up my portfolio a bit more. Maybe by giving a brief example of common things I would need might be helpful. I started to design a bathroom this morning and had to google how high the standard height for a toilet paper dispenser was, how high and how big the average bathroom window is, the average height of a glass shower, how high the shower nozzle is placed. Maybe you see what I'm getting at now. I did in the end find most of what I was looking for, but I would like to have it all in one reference spot. I had come across something like this years ago but haven't seen it since. I'd like to preferably find something free, but wouldn't mind paying around $40 if it was exhaustive. Any help is as always appreciated.

i am reading ayn rand and need help answering these few questions if possible... any help is greatly appreciat? 1.) Explain in detail the reasons for Howard Roark's expulsion from the Stanton Institute of Technology. The Dean states that Roark has "a determined little group of defenders" among the faculty, while other professors "felt it their duty" to vote for his expulsion. Why do the faculty members on each side evaluate Roark and his work so differently? 2.) At the end of Chapter One, Roark comprehends that there is a fundamental difference between his approach to life and the Dean's. Roark understands his own, but not that of the Dean and those like him. He recognizes that there is a principle that explains the difference, which he calls the "principle behind the Dean." Based on subsequent events of the story, explain the "principle behind the Dean." 3.) Peter Keating graduates as valedictorian from the Stanton Institute of Technology. Does this mean that he is an outstanding architectural student? By what methods did he get such high grades? What does this say regarding his moral character? 4.) Keating goes to work for Guy Francon, the most successful and prestigious architect in the country. What are the methods by which Francon has achieved commercial success? Does he have anything in common with Keating? In what ways do they both differ from Roark? 5.) Roark gains employment with Henry Cameron. Cameron, though a genius, is a commercial failure. Why has society rejected his work? Why does Roark nevertheless revere him? What qualities do Roark and Cameron share in common? What is the fundamental difference between them and Francon and Keating? 6.) Citing specifics from the story, describe the means by which Keating seeks to rise to the top of Francon's firm? Explain the meaning of Keating's methods. Why do they work at Francon's? Would Keating's methods work similarly well at Cameron's? Why? 7.) Though Keating often leaves Catherine Halsey waiting weeks for him to call, the author makes it clear that Catherine is special to him. How does the author show Keating's love for Catherine? In contrast to Keating's motive for pursuing his other values (in work, for e.g.), what personal significance does his relationship with Catherine have? What fate will befall Peter if he betrays his love for her? 8.) The design of the Cosmo-Slotnick Building establishes Keating's fame. What is the nature of Keating's relationship with Roark at this point in the story? Why does Keating both approach him for advice and help and take pleasure in making him perform menial tasks while an employee at Francon's? Why does Keating feel a need to degrade the man who is his meal ticket? 9.) Cameron and Roark, though brilliant designers, get few commissions. At one point, Cameron urges Roark to surrender his principles and design conventionally. Given that Cameron himself neither did nor would do such a thing, what is the meaning of that scene? What does Ayn Rand stress about the price paid by great creative thinkers in a society that does not recognize the merit of their new ideas? 10.) Austen Heller hires Roark to build a private home, giving him his first commission. What qualities does Heller possess that enable him to recognize the merit of Roark's work when virtually the entire society does not? Despite the professional differences between Heller and Roark's other supporters, e.g., Mike, Mallory, Enright, et. al., what fundamental attribute do they share in common? What point does the author make regarding the ability to recognize genius? 11.) The character of Dominique Francon is introduced in this section. Dominique criticizes the work of her own father in her newspaper column and recognizes the fraudulent nature of Keating's work and character, though many admire him. What does Ayn Rand thereby show the reader about Dominique? Why is this important for the reader's ability to understand her coming relationship with Roark? 12.) Despite extreme poverty, Roark refuses the lucrative commission for the Manhattan Bank Building rather than permit the adulteration of his design. When the Board asserts that he is "fanatical and selfless," Roark responds that his action was "the most selfish thing you've ever seen a man do." Given that Roark has just turned down a major commission in order to protect the integrity of his design, what is "selfish" about this? What is Ayn Rand's view of "selfishness" and "selflessness"? Contrast her view to that of Christianity and of Socialism. 13.) Compare Howard Roark and Lois Cook. Are they both individualists? Why or why not?

I am reading ayn rand the fountainhead and need help with these few questions... thanks? 1.) Explain in detail the reasons for Howard Roark's expulsion from the Stanton Institute of Technology. The Dean states that Roark has "a determined little group of defenders" among the faculty, while other professors "felt it their duty" to vote for his expulsion. Why do the faculty members on each side evaluate Roark and his work so differently? 2.) At the end of Chapter One, Roark comprehends that there is a fundamental difference between his approach to life and the Dean's. Roark understands his own, but not that of the Dean and those like him. He recognizes that there is a principle that explains the difference, which he calls the "principle behind the Dean." Based on subsequent events of the story, explain the "principle behind the Dean." 3.) Peter Keating graduates as valedictorian from the Stanton Institute of Technology. Does this mean that he is an outstanding architectural student? By what methods did he get such high grades? What does this say regarding his moral character? 4.) Keating goes to work for Guy Francon, the most successful and prestigious architect in the country. What are the methods by which Francon has achieved commercial success? Does he have anything in common with Keating? In what ways do they both differ from Roark? 5.) Roark gains employment with Henry Cameron. Cameron, though a genius, is a commercial failure. Why has society rejected his work? Why does Roark nevertheless revere him? What qualities do Roark and Cameron share in common? What is the fundamental difference between them and Francon and Keating? 6.) Citing specifics from the story, describe the means by which Keating seeks to rise to the top of Francon's firm? Explain the meaning of Keating's methods. Why do they work at Francon's? Would Keating's methods work similarly well at Cameron's? Why? 7.) Though Keating often leaves Catherine Halsey waiting weeks for him to call, the author makes it clear that Catherine is special to him. How does the author show Keating's love for Catherine? In contrast to Keating's motive for pursuing his other values (in work, for e.g.), what personal significance does his relationship with Catherine have? What fate will befall Peter if he betrays his love for her? 8.) The design of the Cosmo-Slotnick Building establishes Keating's fame. What is the nature of Keating's relationship with Roark at this point in the story? Why does Keating both approach him for advice and help and take pleasure in making him perform menial tasks while an employee at Francon's? Why does Keating feel a need to degrade the man who is his meal ticket? 9.) Cameron and Roark, though brilliant designers, get few commissions. At one point, Cameron urges Roark to surrender his principles and design conventionally. Given that Cameron himself neither did nor would do such a thing, what is the meaning of that scene? What does Ayn Rand stress about the price paid by great creative thinkers in a society that does not recognize the merit of their new ideas? 10.) Austen Heller hires Roark to build a private home, giving him his first commission. What qualities does Heller possess that enable him to recognize the merit of Roark's work when virtually the entire society does not? Despite the professional differences between Heller and Roark's other supporters, e.g., Mike, Mallory, Enright, et. al., what fundamental attribute do they share in common? What point does the author make regarding the ability to recognize genius? 11.) The character of Dominique Francon is introduced in this section. Dominique criticizes the work of her own father in her newspaper column and recognizes the fraudulent nature of Keating's work and character, though many admire him. What does Ayn Rand thereby show the reader about Dominique? Why is this important for the reader's ability to understand her coming relationship with Roark? 12.) Despite extreme poverty, Roark refuses the lucrative commission for the Manhattan Bank Building rather than permit the adulteration of his design. When the Board asserts that he is "fanatical and selfless," Roark responds that his action was "the most selfish thing you've ever seen a man do." Given that Roark has just turned down a major commission in order to protect the integrity of his design, what is "selfish" about this? What is Ayn Rand's view of "selfishness" and "selflessness"? Contrast her view to that of Christianity and of Socialism. 13.) Compare Howard Roark and Lois Cook. Are they both individualists? Why or why not?

If humanity had chosen Atenism as its monotheism of choice, would our history be less conflict-strewn? By the middle of the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, the Egyptian polytheistic priestly hierarchy had been a burden on society for 17 centuries, and controlled a third of the wealth of the nation. The revolutionary leader and Pharaoh Akhenaten, together with his queen Nefertiti, made a courageous and brave attempt to do away with this burden. They declared that only one god existed, the Aten or the disc of the Sun, and that the only way to worship the Aten was through them, thus disempowering the polytheistic priesthood. » Akhenaten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten » Nefertiti – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti » Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten The positive benefits of the Atenism revolution in reducing religion to sun worshipping are reflected in the artistic and architectural artefacts of this great leap forward for humanity. For instance, in temple design, gone are the dark, enclosed holy-of-holies rooms accessible only to high priests, hidden away behind a succession of intimidating enclosing walls; temples to the Aten were open to the sun above, and open to all the citizens. In art, gone are the rigidly narrow priest-sanctioned depictions of flat gods and powerful people, to be replaced by a relaxed, flowing humanism depicting the everyday life of the royal family and their citizens. In his ‘Great Hymn to the Aten’, Akhenaten (meaning "living spirit of Aten") portrays the sun as the giver of all life, and places great emphasis on the diversity and holiness of all living things. » Atenism – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism » Great Temple of the Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten » Atenist art – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_art » Great Hymn to the Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten Unfortunately, Akhenaten's ideas were way ahead of his time, and the polytheistic priesthood's counter-revolution not only restored their power and privilege, but deleted what they called 'The Heretic' from history, making him the first known unperson. His son Prince Tutankhaten ("Living Image of Aten") became Pharaoh Tutankhamun ("Living Image of Amun"). Akhenaten's concept of humanistic monotheism was later bastardised by Moses in adapting the polytheistic Canaanite pantheon to a single God™, Yahweh, to serve his own narrow tribal ends. But if we imagine a speculative alternate history, in which... • the Egyptian people challenge and defeat the priesthood's counter-revolution • Atenism becomes humanity’s primary monotheistic religion (so no Judaism, Xtianity, or Islam) • where that which we worship can be seen every day by everybody (weather permitting) • Atenism becomes: — state religion of the Roman Empire — common religion of Russia, Europe, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and the Americas ...would the last 3,300 years have been more peaceful than they were in our actual reality?

Help with AP Art History? You can lecture me all you want but I've been swamped with so much homework and I really just need this done. BABYLONIAN ART 1. Why is the Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi important historically? Why is it important stylistically? ASSYRIAN ART 1. What is a Lamassu, and what was their function? Why do they have 5 legs? 2. What are the most common subjects of Assyrian wall reliefs? NEO-BABYLONIAN ART 1. What materials were used to construct the Ishtar Gate in Babylon? Describe the program of decoration and how it was executed. ACHAEMENID PERSIAN ART 1. Who were the Achaemenids? 2. Who were the Sasanians, and when did they rule? 3. Why is the architectural style of Persepolis so eclectic? What cultural influences can be clearly identified? ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT 1. What is the Palette of Narmer, and why is it important? What information can we discern from it? 2. What important conventions do we see in the work? Define and describe at least three important conventions. 3. What kinds of structures were used for Predynastic burials? 4. Briefly describe the origins of the Step Pyramid. Who were the important people involved? 5. How do the Pyramids at Giza differ from earlier examples? 6. What are the components of the complexes at Giza? How did they function? 7. What is a ka statue, and how did they function? Give an example from your text. How did the function of these works impact their design? 8. What is a ‘canon’, and how did the Egyptians apply it to their art? 9. What subjects were commonly depicted on the walls of Egyptian tombs and what was their purpose? 10. What were the functions of the temple complexes at Luxor and Karnak? 11. How did Egyptian conventions change with the Amarna style? Give specific examples. 12. After the reign of Akhenaton, did stylistic conventions change? If so, specifically, why might this have happened? ART OF THE AEGEAN 1. Describe the characteristics of Cycladic figurines. What may have been their function or purpose? 2. Aegean culture was immortalized in Greek myth and literature; what are some key examples that relate to the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations? 3. How does the fresco process used by the Minoan differ from that used by the Egyptians? 4. Describe the palace at Knossos. Give specific examples of architectural features and innovations. 5. Describe how Minoan figural conventions in painting are similar to or differ from those used by the Egyptians. 6. Describe how Minoan figural conventions in sculpture are similar to or differ from those used by the Egyptians. 7. What is a tholos tomb? How were these constructed (use specific vocabulary terms to refer to the components of the structure)? 8. How is the technique of repoussé executed? What may have been the purpose of the Mycenaean mask often referred to as ‘The Mask of Agamemnon”?

Can Anyone help me with accounting please? P3-5A Sunflower Architects incorporated as licensed architects on April 1, 2010. During the first month of the operation of the business, these events and transactions occurred: April 1 Stockholders invested $15,000 cash in exchange for common stock of the corporation. 1 Hired a secretary-receptionist at a salary of $375 per week, payable monthly. 2 Paid office rent for the month $900. 3 Purchased architectural supplies on account from Spring Green Company $1,000. 10 Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $1,500 for services. 11 Received $500 cash advance from J. Madison to design a new home. 20 Received $2,300 cash for services completed and delivered to M. Svetlana. 30 Paid secretary-receptionist for the month $1,500. 30 Paid $300 to Spring Green Company for accounts payable due. Journalize the transactions. (If no entry is required type No entry for the account and 0 for the amount.) DateAccount/DescriptionDebitCredit April 1 April 1 April 2 April 3 April 10 April 11 April 20 April 30 April 30 Complete the following trial balance. (Hint: Post the above transactions to the ledger T-accounts and use the balances to complete the trial balance.) (If answer is zero please enter 0, do not leave any fields blank.) SUNFLOWER ARCHITECTS INC. Trial Balance April 30, 2010 DebitCredit Cash$$ Accounts receivable Supplies Accounts payable Unearned Revenue Common stock Service revenue Salaries expense Rent expense $ $

Accounting Problem: Journaling? Instruction. 1) Journalize the transactions. April1. Stockholders invested $18000 cash in exchange for common stock of the corporation. April2. Paid office rent for the month $900 April3. Purchased architectural supplies on account from Spring Green Company $1300 April10. Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $1900 for services. April11. Received $700 cash advance from J Madison to design a new home. April20. Receive $2800 cash for services completed and delivered to M. Svetlana. Thank you!

accounting question ? Sunflower Architects incorporated as licensed architects on April 1, 2010. During the first month of the operation of the business, these events and transactions occurred: April 1 Stockholders invested $18,455 cash in exchange for common stock of the corporation. 1 Hired a secretary-receptionist at a salary of $461 per week, payable monthly. 2 Paid office rent for the month $1,107. 3 Purchased architectural supplies on account from Spring Green Company $1,230. 10 Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $1,845 for services. 11 Received $615 cash advance from J. Madison to design a new home. 20 Received $2,830 cash for services completed and delivered to M. Svetlana. 30 Paid secretary-receptionist for the month $1,844. 30 Paid $369 to Spring Green Company for accounts payable due. Journalize the transactions . im actually in high school not college

please help history quiz? 1. Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A) They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B) They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C) They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures. D) They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2. The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A) buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B) tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light. C) exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D) structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3. Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A) A historical scene B) People doing their daily chores working in the fields C) Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D) A map of the world 4. Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A) Block letters printed from the first printing presses B) Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text C) Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D) Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5. What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A) Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers. B) It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C) It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D) It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A) The concept of divine right to marry a person B) The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry C) The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D) The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7. What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A) Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B) It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C) It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England. D) It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8. In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A) Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions. B) Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C) The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D) They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9. What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A) He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B) He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth. C) He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D) He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10. What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A) Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B) People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C) A new class of educated people that shared common experiences D) An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries

*****Help With Quiz 15-2******? 1. Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A. They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B. They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C. They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures. D. They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2. The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A. buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B. tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light. C. exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D. structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3. Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A. A historical scene B. People doing their daily chores working in the fields C. Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D. A map of the world 4. Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A. Block letters printed from the first printing presses B. Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text C. Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D. Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5. What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A. Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers. B. It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C. It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D. It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A. The concept of divine right to marry a person B. The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry C. The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D. The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7. What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A. Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B. It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C. It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England. D. It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8. In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A. Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions. B. Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C. The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D. They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9. What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A. He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B. He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth. C. He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D. He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10. What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A. Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B. People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C. A new class of educated people that shared common experiences D. An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries

history... idk... help please!:)? 1. Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A) They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B) They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C) They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures. D) They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2. The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A) buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B) tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light. C) exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D) structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3. Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A) A historical scene B) People doing their daily chores working in the fields C) Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D) A map of the world 4. Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A) Block letters printed from the first printing presses B) Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text C) Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D) Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5. What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A) Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers. B) It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C) It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D) It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A) The concept of divine right to marry a person B) The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry C) The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D) The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7. What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A) Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B) It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C) It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England. D) It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8. In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A) Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions. B) Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C) The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D) They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9. What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A) He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B) He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth. C) He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D) He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10. What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A) Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B) People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C) A new class of educated people that shared common experiences D) An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries

How did the Egyptians build the pyramids (Giza in particular)? Before you say anything dumb, I don't think extraterrestrials did it. But I was watching a segment on the History channel and it talked about how most of these blocks weighed around 2 tons, and there were 2.3 million stone blocks used. TODAY, architectural designers say a feat like this would nearly be impossible today, even with the MACHINES we had today. How did the Egyptians, not having any advanced tools (we suppose), build these mega-monuments. The architectural designs are nearly perfect so that you could barely slip a piece of paper inside one of the crevices of the Giza pyramids. I understand that the pyramids are "supposed" to be used as a burial site for the Pharaoh(s) and all his/her treasures. But wouldn't something that big be an easy target for grave robbers? What if the pyramids had another purpose; the Giza pyramids do line up with stars in orion's belt and they are geographically located at the centre of the planet (if flattened out). What if they had some advance tool given to them by advance beings from another planet. I GIVE the Egyptians credit for building these pyramids, but what was the all determining catalyst? As you look all over the world you see similar structures to the pyramids, such as in South America and Mexico, but the Egyptians and Inca/Aztec/Mayans/etc didn't mingle or share ideas, or did they? How can pyramidal structures be so common all over the world? EDIT: plus there are no written records of how they built them. SO we can only have theories of how they did.

If humanity had chosen Atenism as its monotheism of choice, would our history be less conflict-strewn? By the middle of the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, the Egyptian polytheistic priestly hierarchy had been a burden on society for 17 centuries, and controlled a third of the wealth of the nation. The revolutionary leader and Pharaoh Akhenaten, together with his queen Nefertiti, made a courageous and brave attempt to do away with this burden. They declared that only one god existed, the Aten or the disc of the Sun, and that the only way to worship the Aten was through them, thus disempowering the polytheistic priesthood. » Akhenaten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten » Nefertiti – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti » Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten The positive benefits of the Atenism revolution in reducing religion to sun worshipping are reflected in the artistic and architectural artefacts of this great leap forward for humanity. For instance, in temple design, gone are the dark, enclosed holy-of-holies rooms accessible only to high priests, hidden away behind a succession of intimidating enclosing walls; temples to the Aten were open to the sun above, and open to all the citizens. In art, gone are the rigidly narrow priest-sanctioned depictions of flat gods and powerful people, to be replaced by a relaxed, flowing humanism depicting the everyday life of the royal family and their citizens. In his ‘Great Hymn to the Aten’, Akhenaten (meaning "living spirit of Aten") portrays the sun as the giver of all life, and places great emphasis on the diversity and holiness of all living things. » Atenism – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism » Great Temple of the Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten » Atenist art – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_art » Great Hymn to the Aten – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten Unfortunately, Akhenaten's ideas were way ahead of his time, and the polytheistic priesthood's counter-revolution not only restored their power and privilege, but deleted what they called 'The Heretic' from history, making him the first known unperson. His son Prince Tutankhaten ("Living Image of Aten") became Pharaoh Tutankhamun ("Living Image of Amun"). Akhenaten's concept of humanistic monotheism was later bastardised by Moses in adapting the polytheistic Canaanite pantheon to a single God™, Yahweh, to serve his own narrow tribal ends. But if we imagine a speculative alternate history, in which... • the Egyptian people challenge and defeat the priesthood's counter-revolution • Atenism becomes humanity’s primary monotheistic religion (so no Judaism, Xtianity, or Islam) • where that which we worship can be seen every day by everybody (weather permitting) • Atenism becomes: — state religion of the Roman Empire — common religion of Russia, Europe, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and the Americas ...would the last 3,300 years have been more peaceful than they were in our actual reality?

Help with AP Art History !? Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which settlement had no streets? Akkadia Catal Huyuk Jericho Sumeria Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Votive Statuettes from Eshnunna were most likely family portraits images of Sumerian gods perpetual worship icons sacred objects Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The material used in the creation of the Venus of Willendorf was ivory clay stone terracotta Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Ziggurat at Ur was a fortress funerary monument palace temple platform Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What were the most common themes in Assyrian art? Death and the afterlife Fertility and reproduction Warfare and hunting Worship and piety Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The two sides of the Standard of Ur shows scenes of devotion and homage hunting and harvesting trade and commerce war and peace Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What ethnic group is credited with the first system of writing known to man? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Lamassu sculptures were recovered from where? Ashurbanipal's palace Gudea's Lagash Sargon's palace Ziggurat at Ur Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which work has a king approaching the god Shamash? Votive statue of Gudea Relief of Ashurbanipal Stele of Hammurabi Victory stele of Naram-Sin Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What color is lapis lazuli? Aqua Gold Red Yellow Question 11 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which leader has a portrait which illustrates his devotion and piety to his god? Ashurbanipal Gudea Naram-Sin Sennacherib Question 12 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What does NOT characterize Sumerian human figure compositions? composite perspective shoulders in profile oversized eyes Regularized poses Question 13 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What is NOT true of the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin? Displays absolute power of the king King portrayed as a divine figure Shows hierarchy of scale Demonstrates piety of king Question 14 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which of the following statements is false? Ancient Near Eastern city centers were built around temple complexes. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups left extensive architectural remains. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups primarily used mud-brick in construction. Ancient Near Eastern political history is characterized by multiple upheavals. Question 15 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement correctly characterizes Assyrian art? Great emotion in animal figures Great emotion in human figures Ununified compositions Wide variety of subjects Question 16 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which Mesopotamian ethnic group began the tradition of extending loyalty to an individual leader rather than to the state itself? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians Question 17 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement is false regarding Assyrian palaces? Demonstrated the warlike nature of the Assyrians Designed to intimidate and impress foreign visitors Symbolized the strength the king Symbolized the Assyrian proclivity for agriculture Question 18 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which king is known for his code of laws? Ashurbanipal Gudea Hammurabi Naram-Sin Question 19 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which is the youngest work? Jericho Stonehenge Ziggurat at Ur Ziggurat at Uruk Question 20 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which is the oldest work? Head of an Akkadian ruler Palace of Sargon II Stele of Hammurabi Seated Gudea

FILIPINO IS HISPANIC?? YES IT IS!? >Its definitely Hispanic in terms of its culture!, >Some says its not Hispanic because it does not speak Spanish? Huh? But if people were educated they will know that Spanish was an official language since the beginning of the Spanish rule until the change of the constitution in 1973.. its not just have an official status but also serve as a “Lingua Franca” of 60 percent of the Filipinos until the first half of the 20th century, And when the Americans conquered the Philippines, English was forcefully imposed and that the Spanish language declined that is why Filipinos of today’s are the 3rd English speakers in the world. > Chavacano a Spanish Creole language is still spoken by a Million in the Philippines. > Tagalog and other Filipino Dialect and languages was heavily influenced by Spanish loan words. >The official percentage of Filipinos with European ancestry is unknown. The Philippine Government does not honor any surveys or studies done by various institutions since most of them are only considered as "guestimates” so there is no way that people can easily tell that there were only 3 percent of its people are of European descent. > Philippines were a province of Spain for 333 years! It’s not only the Latino Americano who was taken as a colony! > Almost all of its document and literature was written in Spanish! > Its National Anthem was originally written and sung in Spanish! > Did you see Pagodas in the Philippines? Yes maybe in china town! But almost of its architectural design is of Hispanic > The name Philippines was derived from King Philip II of “ Imperial Spain” if the Philippines was not included in his Empire He must not have said this sentence “the sun never set in my Empire” and also must not have been the fist king to said it! > Most of its people are carrying a Spanish surname given to them by Spaniards > Its “RELIGION” do I still need to explain? > its national heroes were of mixed Spanish Filipino blood! > Lots of its provinces and streets are carrying a Spanish name! > Its music > Its dance > They’re national costume > Celebrating Fiestas like that of Latinos! > Holy week! > Its cuisine! ( menudo.afritada etc.) > Latin Alphabet that the Philippines using to this days! > using of spoon and fork! > using of guitar! And other musical instruments. > using of chairs and other furniture. So what’s more? Now, How can u tell it is Asian? > It is Asian only because of its location “As part of the Asian continent” and Thats it! That is why people has the right to say we are Asian for this reason. > Pacific islander? Yes because Philippines is a group of an islands and is situated in the pacific ( common sense) > Latino No! But “Filipino”? YES! I hope you understand now…. We’ve been feeling anger to Spaniards to this days because of some exaggerated data and emphasizing its disadvatages on the Philippine history! But do you know what? If there was NO Spain! We don’t have the Philippines now!( because Spain is the country that brought us into one country! Imagine we are not united as a whole before but Spain brought us into existence and that unite us as of to this days and that of we should be thankful;… Im not saying this because im of Spain side…Im saying this because I know my roots! I know my history, and I know who I am!( im a Filipino) We must all remember that the “future” ( todays Filipinos) is “nothing” without the “History” ( the Spanish colonization) Thank u for reading ^_^

Need help with which university course to choose (going down cgi job route)? So I want to get a job in the film industry as one of the cgi/special effects sort of people, but i'd also like to know enough to be able to create my own films in my free time I'm not sure which course sounds better, this one is a lot closer Level 4 (Year 1) Digital photography for visual effects, basic still compositing, animation fundamentals, filmmaking and intro to 3D modelling and animation in Maya. Level 5 (Year 2) Compositing and rotoscoping, motion graphics, matchmoving, shooting with green screens, more Maya, introduction to Mel scripting (& python) and rendering for photo finish Level 6 (Year 3) Advanced 3D lighting, more Mel script, shooting for VFX, final year project and advanced compositing. Career opportunities: jobs including compositors, rotoscoping artists, 3D animators, 3D riggers, visual effects producers, and visual effects supervisors and this one is a hell of a lot further away Year 1: Design Process, 2D Design, Digital Design, 3D Visualisation, Digital Video, Design Context. Year 2: Animation, 3D Modelling, Portfolio Production, Interactive Media Programming, Motion Graphics. Year 3: Lighting and Rendering Techniques, Advanced Animation, Individual Project, Group Project, Advanced Portfolio Production, Advanced 3D Modelling. Year 4: Honours Project, Real-time 3D Graphics, Technical Animation, Industrial Project. Note: Year 1 is common to a number of other creative courses within the division of Computing and Creative Technology and is designed to give the student the opportunity to explore a range of creative disciplines. This offers the student the possibility of changing to one of these other courses at the start of Year 2. Career opportunities: such as 3D animator, 3D modeller, game animator, architectural visualisation artist, 3D graphic designer, video SFX artist and pre-visualisation artist for TV and film. Which one do you think would be the best?? Please don't say anything like 'do what feels right' or 'its entirely my choice and you shouldn't choose', I know it's my choice but i'm asking for your advice ;)

history help please im failing? 1. Flying buttresses, an architectural innovation, served what purpose? A) They were decorative towers outside of a building, designed to help people locate the structure. B) They were positioned toward the top of buildings, to assist in draining water from their roofs. C) They supported building walls from the outside, allowing for higher ceilings and more spacious structures. D) They were large arches inside a structure that allowed ceilings to be built higher. 2. The characteristics of the Gothic architecture style include A) buildings with columns on the interior to support the structure, and frescoes on the exterior walls. B) tall buildings with larger windows allowing in more light. C) exterior walls with Grecian style columns and parapets around a building. D) structures with low ceilings and long, narrow interior hallways. 3. Which of the following would not likely be something portrayed in a medieval tapestry? A) A historical scene B) People doing their daily chores working in the fields C) Mystical beings like unicorns or dragons D) A map of the world 4. Illuminated books produced during the Middle Ages would include which of the following characteristics? A) Block letters printed from the first printing presses B) Large, flowing calligraphy script in the text C) Pictures painted from the stories described in the text D) Precious cut gems attached to the pages to make them glow 5. What is one characteristic of the Middle Age epic form of literature? A) Its subject matter includes wars and heroic soldiers. B) It follows the pattern of five stanzas, with four lines in each stanza. C) It includes stories of peasants and the events in their daily lives. D) It tends to be a short passage, no longer than a paragraph. 6. Which of the following describes a characteristic of the romance poems in the Middle Ages? A) The concept of divine right to marry a person B) The idea of a code of honor for knights, known as chivalry C) The flowing language of the poems recorded in Latin D) The conflicts within the story between a knight and his lord 7. What was one important effect of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales on the Middle Ages? A) Its illuminated script inspired others throughout Europe to begin practicing this art. B) It encouraged other writers of the day to write stories of love and romance. C) It helped expand the use of English as a written language in England. D) It changed the way people in the Middle Ages viewed religion and the afterlife. 8. In what way did alchemists in the Middle Ages influence science? A) Through heating different kinds of materials they discovered different chemical reactions. B) Through the creation of precious metals, the status of alchemists increased. C) The practices of alchemists did not encourage other people to want to study science. D) They were able to assemble one of the first versions of the periodic table. 9. What new approach did Thomas Aquinas advocate for understanding truth in the world? A) He felt that faith was the main path to understanding truth. B) He argued that both faith and reason were needed to understand truth. C) He thought that truth could be discovered through a consensus of university lecturers. D) He believed that logic was the way to discover truth. 10. What was one result that came from universities in the Middle Ages? A) Skilled debaters who contributed to the governments of the time B) People who better understand local economics because of their business studies C) A new class of educated people that shared common experiences D) An increase in the number of monks joining local monasteries

If a conglomerate of suppliers produce subsystems which are to be "integrated", would "Saas integration" do? the job ? <<Saas Integration or Software as a Service Integration is computer software that is offered through a remote hosted deployment model that allows for the integration of information between systems. Terminology Saas Integration is computer software that connects software components delivered through software as a service (Saas) or hosted models to other applications. These applications can be themselves Saas applications or follow the typical deployment pattern behind a firewall. The software consists of a set of enabling services that allow multiple processes running on one or more machines to interact across the Internet and other networks. This technology evolved to provide for interoperability in support of the move to distribute functionality between managed and distributed architectures, which are used most often to support and simplify complex, distributed applications. It includes web servers, application servers, and similar tools that support application development and delivery. A concept refers to the ability of an organization to precisely define, easily integrate and effectively retrieve data for both internal applications and external communication. A business objective is focused on the creation of accurate, consistent and transparent information flows. Saas integration emphasizes flexibility, agility and responsiveness. It is concerned with how the capability is integrated into business applications as well as how it is passed along from one business process to another. Definition The Saas integration model and methods can be extended to include the integration of anything connected to the Internet - desktops, servers or data services. It is an extension of information integration beyond the traditional notion of firewall to include data, information and services that exist independently of one another, and can be regarded as either a capability or a method. Saas integration is where integration and information standards[1] are able to interact to enable the exchange of information across many types of systems. It is highly dependent upon architectural patterns such as Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)[2] methods such as web services and standards such as XML. Saas integration is not distributed computing or grid computing software where a program is broken into multiple parts and distributed across a network for processing. A key difference between Saas integration software and traditional integration is that it has the ability to express the integration points as services rather than end point destinations for data. Saas integration can be explained as either hosted middleware as a service or the ability to integrate Saas applications. Views of Saas integration There are two complimentary views of Saas integration. First is the capability of offering integration through a hosted outside of the firewall method which require process integration. This is the 'function of integration' itself which is expressed as middleware or information integration through a hosted model. The second is the process of integrating Saas capabilities into other applications. Saas Integration is not dependent on a specific technology strategy or related to an explicit definition. It arose to address circumstances where users within organizations and industries independently source, model, manage and access data. Purpose of Saas Integration Saas integration can be used for a number of purposes and scenarios, following are examples: To increase the flexibility in how an organization or a system can access or provide to different pieces of information To bridge disparate pieces of a process together To make available to an organization a Saas or hosted application through a common set of data interfaces. To reduce integration complexity and expense System Design Saas integration is closely related to the mathematical principals described in Complexity or Chaos Theory in that the more participants involved in the integration the further away from absolute control a system is under. The participants are then left to influence one another which are governed by information exchange standards and principles. Architecturally the principles can be based on patterns of Service Oriented Architecture - SOA and business management is based on a series of service level agreements either real or implied all of which are managed under a common governance framework. The management of Saas integration is enabled through orchestration of data and information flows within the system environment. This function typically takes place within the core systems behind a firewall. Complexity Increases with Saas Software Deployments One effect of Software as a Service is that it spawns a number of independent components and functionality that requires integration into other data flows. A simplistic design pattern is to create a point to point integration between sy

Penn Foster art appreciation- 007113: Questions 1–20: Select the one best answer to each question.? EXAMINATION NUMBER 00711300 1. To the Hopi and Zuni of the American Southwest, a Kachina was a/an A. holy man or shaman. B. living spirit. C. herbal medicine. D. musical instrument. 2. The term Hellenistic is associated with A. art or architecture produced in Athens. B. art influenced by the forms and designs of the Age of Pericles. C. European art after the fall of the Roman Empire. D. the impact of the Greek Empire founded by Alexander the Great. 3. The Scream, painted by Edward Munch, has become a cliché because it A. has been trivialized in ads and cartoons. B. has been shown in so many art galleries. C. no longer evokes any emotional resonance. D. represents the violence of the modern world. 4. The painting Venus of Urbino, by Titian, is most notable for its A. symmetry. C. sensuality. B. symbolism. D. texture. 5. Which of the following best illustrates radial symmetry? A. A soup can C. Your face in a mirror B. A snowflake D. A perfect sphere 6. Concrete was an important material in the architecture of A. Rome. C. Greece. B. Mesopotamia. D. Egypt. 7. Among the Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest, Kokopelli was a A. sacred chamber in the ground. B. ceremonial basket. C. figure of a dancing piper. D. food prepared for celebration. 8. Which of the following is a secondary color? A. Blue C. Red B. Yellow D. Green 9. In The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cerami, painted by Jan van Eyck, the symmetry we may observe is primarily _______ symmetry. A. mirror C. dynamic B. symbolic D. illusionary 10. The purpose of The Lady of Shallot, a painting by Waterhouse, was to illustrate a/an A. Greek poem. B. Roman myth. C. Arthurian legend. D. Christian parable. 11. Which of the following phrases best characterizes the art of Minoan Crete? A. Blissful and otherworldly C. Joyful and life affirming B. Rigid and formal D. Somber and realistic 12. Regarding purposes for creating art, Liberty Leading the People is an example of A. representing the sacred. C. playful decoration. B. recording an ancient myth. D. social commentary. 13. In a painting, the techniques of chiaroscuro are intended to produce _______ texture. A. visual C. virtual B. imaginary D. literal 14. The aesthetic impulse is the tendency of people to A. respond to beauty. C. create art. B. appreciate art. D. choose order over disorder. 15. To produce a tint of the color green, you should add A. a secondary color. C. a tertiary color. B. black. D. white. 16. Two colors are _______ when they’re directly across from each other on the color wheel and share no common colors. A. conflicting C. complementary B. supplemental D. blended 17. The earliest of the Greek architectural orders was A. Ionic. C. Mycenaean. B. Doric. D. Corinthian. 18. The word aesthetic comes from Greek and means A. artistic sensitivity. C. the perception of beauty. B. art for art’s sake. D. creating beauty. 19. When we’re attracted to a work of art because it makes us feel happy, sad, or calm and peaceful, we’re experiencing A. the artistic impulse. C. an aesthetic judgment. B. harmony. D. emotional resonance. 20. Using the rule of thirds to evaluate the composition of a well-crafted painting, the eye should be attracted to A. one or more points of interest. B. the top of the painting. C. the midpoint of the composition. D. the lighter values in the painting.

I need help understanding this article. Please see the article below. Thanks in advance.? What is a Social Fact? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before beginning the search for the method appropriate to the study of social facts it is important to know what are the facts termed 'social'. The question is all the more necessary because the term is used without much precision. It is commonly used to designate almost all the phenomena that occur within society, however little social interest of some generality they present. Yet under this heading there is, so to speak, no human occurrence that cannot be called social. Every individual drinks, sleeps, eats, or employs his reason, and society has every interest in seeing that these functions are regularly exercised. If therefore these facts were social ones, sociology would possess no subject matter peculiarly its own, and its domain would be confused with that of biology and psychology. However, in reality there is in every society a clearly determined group of phenomena separable, because of their distinct characteristics, from those that form the subject matter of other sciences of nature. When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfil obligations which are defined in law and custom and which are external to myself and my actions. Even when they conform to my own sentiments and when I feel their reality within me, that reality does not cease to be objective, for it is not I who have prescribed these duties; I have received them through education. Moreover, how often does it happen that we are ignorant of the details of the obligations that we must assume, and that, to know them, we must consult the legal code and its authorised interpreters! Similarly the believer has discovered from birth, ready fashioned, the beliefs and practices of his religious life; if they existed before he did, it follows that they exist outside him. The system of signs that I employ to express my thoughts, the monetary system I use to pay my debts, the credit instruments I utilise in my commercial relationships, the practices I follow in my profession, etc., all function independently of the use I make of them. Considering in turn each member of society, the foregoing remarks can be repeated for each single one of them. Thus there are ways of acting, thinking and feeling which possess the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual. Not only are these types of behaviour and thinking external to the individual, but they are endued with a compelling and coercive power by virtue of which, whether he wishes it or not, they impose themselves upon him. Undoubtedly when I conform to them of my own free will, this coercion is not felt or felt hardly at all, since it is unnecessary. None the less it is intrinsically a characteristic of these facts; the proof of this is that it asserts itself as soon as I try to resist. If I attempt to violate the rules of law they react against me so as to forestall my action, if there is still time. Alternatively, they annul it or make my action conform to the norm if it is already accomplished but capable of being reversed; or they cause me to pay the penalty for it if it is irreparable. If purely moral rules are at stake, the public conscience restricts any act which infringes them by the surveillance it exercises over the conduct of citizens and by the special punishments it has at its disposal. In other cases the constraint is less violent; nevertheless, it does not cease to exist. If I do not conform to ordinary conventions, if in my mode of dress I pay no heed to what is customary in my country and in my social class, the laughter I provoke, the social distance at which I am kept, produce, although in a more mitigated form, the same results as any real penalty. In other cases, although it may be indirect, constraint is no less effective. I am not forced to speak French with my compatriots, nor to use the legal currency, but it is impossible for me to do otherwise. If I tried to escape the necessity, my attempt would fail miserably. As an industrialist nothing prevents me from working with the processes and methods of the previous century, but if I do I will most certainly ruin myself. Even when in fact I can struggle free from these rules and successfully break them, it is never without being forced to fight against them. Even if in the end they are overcome, they make their constraining power sufficiently felt in the resistance that they afford. There is no innovator, even a fortunate one, whose ventures do not encounter opposition of this kind. Here, then, is a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him. Consequently, since they consist of representations and actions, they cannot be confused with organic phenomena, nor with psychical phenomena, which have no existence save in and through the individual consciousness. Thus they constitute a new species and to them must be exclusively assigned the term social. It is appropriate, since it is clear that, not having the individual as their substratum, they can have none other than society, either political society in its entirety or one of the partial groups that it includes - religious denominations, political and literary schools, occupational corporations, etc. Moreover, it is for such as these alone that the term is fitting, for the word 'social' has the sole meaning of designating those phenomena which fall into none of the categories of facts already constituted and labelled. They are consequently the proper field of sociology. It is true that this word 'constraint', in terms of which we define them, is in danger of infuriating those who zealously uphold out-and-out individualism. Since they maintain that the individual is completely autonomous, it seems to them that he is diminished every time he is made aware that he is not dependent on himself alone. Yet since it is indisputable today that most of our ideas and tendencies are not developed by ourselves, but come to us from outside, they can only penetrate us by imposing themselves upon us. This is all that our definition implies. Moreover, we know that all social constraints do not necessarily exclude the individual personality. [1] Yet since the examples just cited (legal and moral rules, religious dogmas, financial systems, etc.) consist wholly of beliefs and practices already well established, in view of what has been said it might be maintained that no social fact can exist except where there is a well defined social organisation. But there are other facts which do not present themselves in this already crystallised form but which also possess the same objectivity and ascendancy over the individual. These are what are called social 'currents'. Thus in a public gathering the great waves of enthusiasm, indignation and pity that are produced have their seat in no one individual consciousness. They come to each one of us from outside and can sweep us along in spite of ourselves. If perhaps I abandon myself to them I may not be conscious of the pressure that they are exerting upon me, but that pressure makes its presence felt immediately I attempt to struggle against them. If an individual tries to pit himself against one of these collective manifestations, the sentiments that he is rejecting will be turned against him. Now if this external coercive power asserts itself so acutely in cases of resistance, it must be because it exists in the other instances cited above without our being conscious of it. Hence we are the victims of an illusion which leads us to believe we have ourselves produced what has been imposed upon us externally. But if the willingness with which we let ourselves be carried along disguises the pressure we have undergone, it does not eradicate it. Thus air does not cease to have weight, although we no longer feel that weight. Even when we have individually and spontaneously shared in the common emotion, the impression we have experienced is utterly different from what we would have felt if we had been alone. Once the assembly has broken up and these social influences have ceased to act upon us, and we are once more on our own, the emotions we have felt seem an alien phenomenon, one in which we no longer recognise ourselves. It is then we perceive that we have undergone the emotions much more than generated them. These emotions may even perhaps fill us with horror, so much do they go against the grain. Thus individuals who are normally perfectly harmless may, when gathered together in a crowd, let themselves be drawn into acts of atrocity. And what we assert about these transitory outbreaks likewise applies to those more lasting movements of opinion which relate to religious, political, literary and artistic matters, etc., and which are constantly being produced around us, whether throughout society or in a more limited sphere. Moreover, this definition of a social fact can be verified by examining an experience that is characteristic. It is sufficient to observe how children are brought up. If one views the facts as they are and indeed as they have always been, it is patently obvious that all education consists of a continual effort to impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously. From his earliest years we oblige him to eat, drink and sleep at regular hours, and to observe cleanliness, calm and obedience; later we force him to learn how to be mindful of others, to respect customs and conventions, and to work, etc. If this constraint in time ceases to be felt it is because it gradually gives rise to habits, to inner tendencies which render it superfluous; but they supplant the constraint only because they are derived from it. It is true that, in Spencer's view, a rational education should shun such means and allow the child complete freedom to do what he will. Yet as this educational theory has never been put into practice among any known people, it can only be the personal expression of a desideratum and not a fact which can be established in contradiction to the other facts given above. What renders these latter facts particularly illuminating is that education sets out precisely with the object of creating a social being. Thus there can be seen, as in an abbreviated form, how the social being has been fashioned historically. The pressure to which the child is subjected unremittingly is the same pressure of the social environment which seeks to shape him in its own image, and in which parents and teachers are only the representatives and intermediaries. Thus it is not the fact that they are general which can serve to characterise sociological phenomena. Thoughts to be found in the consciousness of each individual and movements which are repeated by all individuals are not for this reason social facts. If some have been content with using this characteristic in order to define them it is because they have been confused, wrongly, with what might be termed their individual incarnations. What constitutes social facts are the beliefs, tendencies and practices of the group taken collectively. But the forms that these collective states may assume when they are 'refracted' through individuals are things of a different kind. What irrefutably demonstrates this duality of kind is that these two categories of facts frequently are manifested dissociated from each other. Indeed some of these ways of acting or thinking acquire, by dint of repetition, a sort of consistency which, so to speak, separates them out, isolating them from the particular events which reflect them. Thus they assume a shape, a tangible form peculiar to them and constitute a reality sui generis vastly distinct from the individual facts which manifest that reality. Collective custom does not exist only in a state of immanence in the successive actions which it determines, but, by a privilege without example in the biological kingdom, expresses itself once and for all in a formula repeated by word of mouth, transmitted by education and even enshrined in the written word. Such are the origins and nature of legal and moral rules, aphorisms and popular sayings, articles of faith in which religious or political sects epitomise their beliefs, and standards of taste drawn up by literary schools, etc. None of these modes of acting and thinking are to be found wholly in the application made of them by individuals, since they can even exist without being applied at the time. Undoubtedly this state of dissociation does not always present itself with equal distinctiveness. It is sufficient for dissociation to exist unquestionably in the numerous important instances cited, for us to prove that the social fact exists separately from its individual effects. Moreover, even when the dissociation is not immediately observable, it can often be made so with the help of certain methodological devices. Indeed it is essential to embark on such procedures if one wishes to refine out the social fact from any amalgam and so observe it in its pure state. Thus certain currents of opinion, whose intensity varies according to the time and country in which they occur, impel us, for example, towards marriage or suicide, towards higher or lower birth-rates, etc. Such currents are plainly social facts. At first sight they seem inseparable from the forms they assume in individual cases. But statistics afford us a means of isolating them. They are indeed not inaccurately represented by rates of births, marriages and suicides, that is, by the result obtained after dividing the average annual total of marriages, births, and voluntary homicides by the number of persons of an age to marry, produce children, or commit suicide. [2] Since each one of these statistics includes without distinction all individual cases, the individual circumstances which may have played some part in producing the phenomenon cancel each other out and consequently do not contribute to determining the nature of the phenomenon. What it expresses is a certain state of the collective mind. That is what social phenomena are when stripped of all extraneous elements. As regards their private manifestations, these do indeed having something social about them, since in part they reproduce the collective model. But to a large extent each one depends also upon the psychical and organic constitution of the individual, and on the particular circumstances in which he is placed. Therefore they are not phenomena which are in the strict sense sociological. They depend on both domains at the same time, and could be termed socio-psychical. They are of interest to the sociologist without constituting the immediate content of sociology. The same characteristic is to be found in the organisms of those mixed phenomena of nature studied in the combined sciences such as biochemistry. It may be objected that a phenomenon can only be collective if it is common to all the members of society, or at the very least to a majority, and consequently, if it is general. This is doubtless the case, but if it is general it is because it is collective (that is, more or less obligatory); but it is very far from being collective because it is general. It is a condition of the group repeated in individuals because it imposes itself upon them. It is in each part because it is in the whole, but far from being in the whole because it is in the parts. This is supremely evident in those beliefs and practices which are handed down to us ready fashioned by previous generations. We accept and adopt them because, since they are the work of the collectivity and one that is centuries old, they are invested with a special authority that our education has taught us to recognise and respect. It is worthy of note that the vast majority of social phenomena come to us in this way. But even when the social fact is partly due to our direct co-operation, it is no different in nature. An outburst of collective emotion in a gathering does not merely express the sum total of what individual feelings share in common, but is something of a very different order, as we have demonstrated. It is a product of shared existence, of actions and reactions called into play between the consciousnesses of individuals. If it is echoed in each one of them it is precisely by virtue of the special energy derived from its collective origins. If all hearts beat in unison, this is not as a consequence of a spontaneous, preestablished harmony; it is because one and the same force is propelling them in the same direction. Each one is borne along by the rest. We have therefore succeeded in delineating for ourselves the exact field of sociology. It embraces one single, well defined group of phenomena. A social fact is identifiable through the power of external coercion which it exerts or is capable of exerting upon individuals. The presence of this power is in turn recognisable because of the existence of some pre-determined sanction, or through the resistance that the fact opposes to any individual action that may threaten it. However, it can also be defined by ascertaining how widespread it is within the group, provided that, as noted above, one is careful to add a second essential characteristic; this is, that it exists independently of the particular forms that it may assume in the process of spreading itself within the group. In certain cases this latter criterion can even be more easily applied than the former one. The presence of constraint is easily ascertainable when it is manifested externally through some direct reaction of society, as in the case of law, morality, beliefs, customs and even fashions. But when constraint is merely indirect, as with that exerted by an economic organization, it is not always so clearly discernible. Generality combined with objectivity may then be easier to establish. Moreover, this second definition is simply another formulation of the first one: if a mode of behaviour existing outside the consciousnesses of individuals becomes general, it can only do so by exerting pressure upon them. [3] However, one may well ask whether this definition is complete. Indeed the facts which have provided us with its basis are all ways of functioning: they are 'physiological' in nature. But there are also collective ways of being, namely, social facts of an 'anatomical' or morphological nature. Sociology cannot dissociate itself from what concerns the substratum of collective life. Yet the number and nature of the elementary parts which constitute society, the way in which they are articulated, the degree of coalescence they have attained, the distribution of population over the earth's surface, the extent and nature of the network of communications, the design of dwellings, etc., do not at first sight seem relatable to ways of acting, feeling or thinking. Yet, first and foremost, these various phenomena present the same characteristic which has served us in defining the others. These ways of being impose themselves upon the individual just as do the ways of acting we have dealt with. In fact, when we wish to learn how a society is divided up politically, in what its divisions consist and the degree of solidarity that exists between them, it is not through physical inspection and geographical observation that we may come to find this out: such divisions are social, although they may have some physical basis. It is only through public law that we can study such political organisation, because this law is what determines its nature, just as it determines our domestic and civic relationships. The organisation is no less a form of compulsion. If the population clusters together in our cities instead of being scattered over the rural areas, it is because there exists a trend of opinion, a collective drive which imposes this concentration upon individuals. We can no more choose the design of our houses than the cut of our clothes - at least, the one is as much obligatory as the other. The communication network forcibly prescribes the direction of internal migrations or commercial exchanges, etc., and even their intensity. Consequently, at the most there are grounds for adding one further category to the list of phenomena already enumerated as bearing the distinctive stamp of a social fact. But as that enumeration was in no wise strictly exhaustive, this addition would not be indispensable. Moreover, it does not even serve a purpose, for these ways of being are only ways of acting that have been consolidated. A society's political structure is only the way in which its various component segments have become accustomed to living with each other. If relationships between them are traditionally close, the segments tend to merge together; if the contrary, they tend to remain distinct. The type of dwelling imposed upon us is merely the way in which everyone around us and, in part, previous generations, have customarily built their houses. The communication network is only the channel which has been cut by the regular current of commerce and migrations, etc., flowing in the same direction. Doubtless if phenomena of a morphological kind were the only ones that displayed this rigidity, it might be thought that they constituted a separate species. But a legal rule is no less permanent an arrangement than an architectural style, and yet it is a 'physiological' fact. A simple moral maxim is certainly more malleable, yet it is cast in forms much more rigid than a mere professional custom or fashion. Thus there exists a whole range of gradations which, without any break in continuity, join the most clearly delineated structural facts to those free currents of social life which are not yet caught in any definite mould. This therefore signifies that the differences between them concern only the degree to which they have become consolidated. Both are forms of life at varying stages of crystallisation. It would undoubtedly be advantageous to reserve the term 'morphological' for those social facts which relate to the social substratum, but only on condition that one is aware that they are of the same nature as the others. Our definition will therefore subsume all that has to be defined it if states: A social fact is any way of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint; or: which is general over the whole of a given society whilst having an existence of its own, independent of its individual manifestations. [4] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Moreover, this is not to say that all constraint is normal. We shall return to this point later. 2. Suicides do not occur at any age, nor do they occur at all ages of life with the same frequency. 3. It can be seen how far removed this definition of the social fact is from that which serves as the basis for the ingenious system of Tarde. We must first state that our research has nowhere led us to corroboration of the preponderant influence that Tarde attributes to imitation in the genesis of collective facts. Moreover, from this definition, which is not a theory but a mere resume of the immediate data observed, it seems clearly to follow that imitation does not always express, indeed never expresses, what is essential and characteristic in the social fact . Doubtless every social fact is imitated and has, as we have just shown, a tendency to become generalised, but this is because it is social, i.e. obligatory. Its capacity for expansion is not the cause but the consequence of its sociological character. If social facts were unique in bringing about this effect, imitation might serve, if not to explain them, at least to define them. But an individual state which impacts on others none the less remains individual. Moreover, one may speculate whether the term 'imitation' is indeed appropriate to designate a proliferation which occurs through some coercive influence. In such a single term very different phenomena, which need to be distinguished, are confused. 4. This close affinity of life and structure, organ and function, can be readily established in sociology because there exists between these two extremes a whole series of intermediate stages, immediately observable, which reveal the link between them. Biology lacks this methodological resource. But one may believe legitimately that sociological inductions on this subject are applicable to biology and that, in organisms as in societies, between these two categories of facts only differences in degree exist.

Proofread this essay, its not very well written and organized, give me some suggestions to improve it plzz? Egypt and Mesopotamia both were built on the foundations of Neolithic man but their societies were far more complex and developed. They were significant civilizations that shaped the cultures of future kingdoms through their art, religion, government and other aspects of their society. Although Egypt and Mesopotamia were both river- valley civilizations, they largely differed politically, religiously, economically and socially because of their geographic differences. Both civilizations developed in the Middle East, and relied on their geographic surrounding as well as natural resources. Mesopotamia resided on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers while Egypt resided on the Nile River. Because Egypt was surrounded by various deserts and the Mediterranean and Red Sea, it was more isolated and this gave Egyptians a sense of security because there was less chances of invasion. Mesopotamia on the other hand was not protected and was open to frequent invasions. The great deal of cultural diffusion resulting from this made it much more diverse. Because of the frequent invasions, power and control was constantly changing hands from the Sumerians, to the Akkadians, Babylonians and so on. One of the strongest kings during that time was the Babylonian Hammurabi. He is known for his collection of laws which are known as the Code of Hammurabi. These laws were very strict, often demanding an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi’s laws regulated almost everything in life and set common standards designed to hold the Babylonian empire together. Mesopotamia was known as city- states government, in which an independent city governs itself completely. It did not have a consistent capital and was not a theocracy. The Egyptians had a centralized government, compared to the Mesopotamians who also had a centralized government but it changed every 3000 years. Egypt was governed by a Pharaoh and he had control over almost every aspect of the lives of Egyptians. Egypt was divided into 42 smaller provinces and each state was managed by governors appointed by the Pharaoh. Egypt was a theocracy and its capital city was Memphis. The Egyptians were polytheistic, which meant that they believed in many gods and goddesses. They were very religious and believed in an afterlife so they preserved bodies of the dead. Amenhotep IV was the first Egyptian leader in history to question polytheism and considered monotheism. The Mesopotamians were also polytheistic and built Ziggurats which were thought to link the earth to the heavens. Religion was very important to the Sumerians and literature also focused on religion as we can see in the epic of Gilgamesh. The Egyptian language and literature however contained books on poetry, instructions, and religion and it evolved over time. The Mesopotamian writing form was known as cuneiform which resembled wedge shaped marks made by writing on clay tablets while the Egyptians writing form was known as hieroglyphics which included hundreds of picture signs. Both the Egyptian and Mesopotamians had patriarchal society, which meant that it was a male dominated society. Egypt had several social classes, but the largest was the peasant/ farmers. It is believed that the status of women was greater in Egypt than in Mesopotamia which is seen by the only female ruler Hatshepsut who ruled Egypt. Architectural comparisons would be that the Mesopotamians built Ziggurats while the Egyptians built Pyramids, obelisks and the Great Sphinx. Both civilizations had skilled artisans and craftsmen. Egyptians discovered jewelry, cosmetics and also built tombs for the Pharaoh. Mesopotamians calculated time, invented the water clock and the sundial. They also began libraries and the study of medicines. They had an advanced understanding of algebra and astronomy. Both civilizations created formal institutions of government through their city-states, kingdoms, and regional empires. They generated several distinct social classes. They invented writing and both civilizations relied on writing in developing traditions of literature, learning and religion. They built famous architectural monuments that still exist today. They expanded their territories and encouraged the establishment of long- distance trade networks. In conclusion, we see how both of these civilizations deeply influenced people throughout the world. Everything today that comes out of American and European societies came from the Middle East especially Mesopotamia and Egypt.

please help me with these art history questions (no its not my midterm) only productive answers plse and thnx? 1. Which of the following is not considered art or design? (2 points) the graceful curves of a tree a place-setting of china a photograph showing graceful curves of a tree a church building 2. What are the 5 major reasons humans create art? (2 points) for spiritual, historical, or economic reasons, or for beauty or propaganda purposes for spiritual, selfish, or moral reasons, or for beauty and propaganda purposes for spiritual, historical, or moral reasons, or for beauty and propaganda purposes for spiritual, historical, or selfish reasons, or for beauty and propaganda purposes 3. Why are prehistoric works of art designated as such? (2 points) Because they cannot be dated. Because they cannot be attributed to a particular artist. Because they were painted in a cave. Because the society that created them did not yet possess written language. 4. As early humans sought explanations for the events of their daily lives, they began to focus on the power of _______________. (2 points) divine beings positive thinking nature generosity 5. The early prehistoric sculptures discovered at Hohle Fels cave in Germany are considered______________________________. (2 points) the oldest examples of human art ever found evidence of early shamanism so intricate they break the theory of the gradual evolution of art all of the above 6. The entrance stone at Newgrange, Ireland exhibits which other ancient form of artistic expression? (2 points) Paleolithic cave paintings early humanoid figure drawings rock carving exemplifying common abstract swirls and symbols woven reed basketry in primitive designs 7. The following is a description of which room or chamber in Altamira cave? ‘This room by the cave’s entrance shows us one of the most beautiful panels of prehistoric art. On the ceiling of this room, large scale animal figures, in an apparent mess, turn up. The bison, the most represented of these animals, is surrounded by other animals like the hind and the horse.’ (2 points) the Representation Room the Central Gallery the Horse Tail Passage the Polychromatics Room 8. What preserved the art of Altamira until modern day? (2 points) the Paleolithic inhabitants sealed off the cave once all the walls and ceilings had been painted the Paleolithic inhabitants covered their artwork with a layer of animal fat to protect the paintings a natural collapse at the end of the Upper Paleolithic period an intentional collapse by the people of the Upper Paleolithic period 9. What two sections of Lascaux are the most impressive? (2 points) the Chamber of Felines and Dead Man’s Shaft the Painted Gallery and the Lateral Passage the Main Gallery and the Lateral Passage the Painted Gallery and the Great Hall of the Bulls 10. Why was the Cave of Lascaux closed to the public in 1963? (2 points) The floor of the cave was becoming eroded. Carbon dioxide levels were corroding the walls. Visitors were inadvertently smudging the artworks. both A and B 11. Why is the scene in the Shaft of the Dead Man so significant? (2 points) because of its narrative possibilities because of the rich use of color because of its detail in the manes and fur because of the realistic portrayal of animal movement 12. The following are all theories as to why these ancient cave paintings were created, EXCEPT? (2 points) They were created as a way to honor the spirits of great beasts after they had been slain and remember the glories of the hunt. They were created as a way to “bring life” to future animals of which their own lives were so dependent. They were created to teach and show young hunters how to identify and hunt certain animals. They were created prior to the hunt in order to ensure good luck and success. 13. A tall block of solid stone standing by itself, whether a natural rock feature or a stone column shaped and erected by people, is called a _________________________. (2 points) a megalith a statue an obelisk a monolith 14. Stonehenge was created… (2 points) in a single phase over 1400 years, starting around 3000 BCE in 3 different phases over 1400 years, starting around 30,000 BCE in 2 different phases over 1400 years, starting around 3,000 BCE in 3 different phases over 1400 years starting around 3,000 BCE 15. From below, choose the answer that lists all of those features we can find at Stonehenge today. (2 points) the Trilithon Horseshoe, Sarsen Circle, and Timber posts the Trilithon Horseshoe, Sarsen Circle, and bluestones the Trilithon Horseshoe, Sarsen Circle, and Aubrey holes filled with cremation deposits the Trilithon Horseshoe, Sarsen Circle, bluestones and several large, specially arranged individual stones 16. Which of the following was NOT used by ancient builders in the construction of Stonehenge? (2 points) mortice and tenon joints keystone and lever joints post and lintel construction tongue and groove joints 17. Sumerian art takes the form of sculpture or painting. Their artwork was created for which of the following groups of reasons? (2 points) spiritual, historical, and reasons of propaganda spiritual, moral, and reasons of beauty historical, moral, and reasons of beauty historical, moral, and reasons of propaganda 18. Which of the following is NOT a description of the Sumerian statues from Tell Asmar? (2 points) tall, bearded figures with huge, staring eyes and long, pleated skirts made from stone and marble are all similar in size and weight bodies are cylindrical with uplifted heads and hands clasped 19. This form of Sumerian art was rolled over wet clay on which it left an impression in relief. (2 points) stone stele shell inlay cylinder-seals Warka vase 20. What is the most common form of Assyrian art? (2 points) stone sculptures of government leaders large frescoes in the decoration of public buildings and palaces relief sculptures in the decoration of public buildings and palaces stone sculptures of religious figures 21. Much of the carved surfaces of Assyrian ivories were covered with what? (2 points) rich paint cuneiform gold leaf none of the above 22. Why are there so few structures still surviving from ancient Mesopotamia? (2 points) All of the structures from this time period were made from clay bricks, and natural erosion has worn most of the small buildings away. Many ruins have long served as quarries for building materials. Wars and pillaging of artifacts contribute to the lack of surviving structures. all of the above 23. What is the most famous surviving feature of Babylon? (2 points) the Warka Vase the Northwest Palace the Ishtar Gate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon 24. What 3 creatures are represented on the last surviving feature from the above question #23? (2 points) lions, dragons, and bulls lions, unicorns, and bulls dragons, tigers, and bulls lions, dragons, and horses 25. The Ishtar Gate can be seen in its reconstructed state in the_________________________. (2 points) Musee du Louvre, Paris, France Pergamom Museum, Berlin, Germany Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Iraq The British Museum, London, England 26. The Persians are best known for their large and elaborate palaces, and the most famous example is at______________________, built by Darius I. (2 points) Luxor Nimrud Babylon Persepolis 27. A symbol of life and of women, the niloofar, or__________________, is a common motif in Persian pottery. (2 points) figure of Ishtar the water lily the lotus flower the moon 28. Phoenician art, particularly____________________, was among the most sought after in the ancient world. (2 points) pottery mosaics glassware stone reliefs 29. The area known as “Upper Egypt” is actually the _______________part of the country. “Lower Egypt” is the area closest to the Mediterranean. (2 points) eastern southern western northern 30. According to the course text, what dates do historians trace the beginning and end of ancient Egyptian civilization? (2 points) 8000 BCE to 1200 AD 30,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE 3500 BCE to 30 BCE 31. Why did we look at art from only the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, of Egyptian history and not the “Intermediate periods”? (2 points) These were periods of time in which the greatest and largest wars were fought, resulting in large amounts of artistic treasures. These were the “high points” of Egyptian civilization, when most of Egyptian artistic accomplishments occurred. These were the times that Egyptian civilization was lead by the most powerful and successful rulers. These were periods in which plagues, crime and poverty led to wide use of artistic expression. 32. The Egyptian “kingdoms” are groupings of ___________________. (2 points) pharaohs dynasties pyramids priests 33. The primary medium of Old Kingdom art was __________________. (2 points) stone wood clay gold 34. The Egyptians believed that doing 3 things would assure a successful afterlife. Which of the following is NOT one of those things? (2 points) preserving the body through mummification producing portraits of the deceased to disseminate among the family protecting the body in a tomb in which the name of the deceased was inscribed. providing the body with food and drink, or illustrations of it in case no one was available to make the offerings. 35. The pyramids were built as _______________. (2 points) temples tombs palaces community property 36. During the reign of ____________________, the Step Pyramid of Saqqaris was built. (2 points) Tutankhamun Ramesses II Djoser Khafre 37. What are the two kinds of hieroglyphic signs? (2 points) phonograms and ideograms phonograms and anagrams ideograms and anagrams phonograms and monograms 38. What is the name of the famous stele that helped to break the hieroglyphic code? (2 points) the Dead Sea Scrolls the Blarney Stone Rosa Parks the Rosetta Stone 39. Usually located on the grounds of the temples, obelisks were usually covered from base to near tip with: (2 points) hieroglyphics paintings gold mosaics 40. The tip of the obelisk was originally covered in gold or electrum to represent_____________. (2 points) wealth the pharaoh time the sun 41. Where is the Sphinx located? (2 points) in Karnak in The Valley of the Kings in Thebes in Giza 42. The pharaoh, Hatshepsut, had herself portrayed as a/an _______________________________. (2 points) man with a male body and a false beard. serious woman with a large body and short hair. strong figure with a large torso and fists. an elegant woman with a long neck and large eyes. 43. Egyptologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in: (2 points) The Cheops Pyramid The Valley of the Kings under the ruins of Memphis The Temple of Isis 44. Most of Egyptian art was created for which of the following 2 reasons? (2 points) beauty and moral beauty and propaganda spiritual and propaganda spiritual and moral 45. Queen _____________________was wife to Akhenatun, and her famous portrait is world famous. (2 points) Cleopatra Amarna Hatshepsut Neferetiti 46. _________________________, found in France was discovered in 1940 by four French teenagers and contains the famous gallery called “The Great Hall of the Bulls”. (2 points) Hatshepsut Lascaux registers Gudea of Lagash 47. When preparing to carve a statue or decorate a wall, Egyptian artists first drew horizontal and vertical guidelines on the surface so the ________________________of the figures would be consistent with the established canon. (2 points) proportions Hammurabi registers points of view 48. Stonehenge is an example of a _________________________. (2 points) Gudea of Lagash Warka ziggurat megalith 49. ______________________was infamous for his use of propaganda and his large-scale building projects. (2 points) Akhenatun Ramesses II Altamira Amarna 50. The ___________________vase is the world’s oldest ritual vase carved in stone found in Sumer. (2 points) Warka Akhenatun Hammurabi Lascaux 51. _________________________, found in Spain, is an s-shaped cave with ten galleries engraved or painted with images of bison, goat, aurochs, horses, deer and hinds. (2 points) Warka Lascaux Hatshepsut Altamira 52. Totally erased from history until 1903, ______________________ was the victim of a massive operation by her step-son, who had her name and image erased from every part of Egypt. (2 points) Ramesses II Akhenatun Amarna Hatshepsut 53. The Law Code of ___________________ is a symbol of Mesopotamian civilization. (2 points) Ramesses II Altamira Hammurabi proportions 54. The outcast of his family_________________________________is an important figure from Egyptian history. Once he gained status as pharaoh, he wiped out the long-lasting, traditional polytheistic order of religion and introduced Egypt (for a short time) to a monotheistic order based on the Sun-disk god, Atun. (2 points) Hammurabi Ramesses II Amarna Akhenatun 55. The ____________________style sprung out under the rule Akhenatun, and is recognizable by its flowing and relaxed lines and forms, individualized features of people, and scenes of particular moments in time. (2 points) Amarna Akhenatun Warka Gudea of Lagash 56. In Egyptian art, size indicates relative importance. Representations of the pharaohs are often much larger than life to symbolize the ruler’s superhuman powers. In wall reliefs and paintings, where wives and family members, servants and entertainers, animals, trees, and architectural details are usually shown in smaller___________________ than the figures of the king, high official or tomb owner. (2 points) points of view registers scale proportions 57. The Sumerians were the first to employ the pyramid-shaped ______________________ for use in religious structures. (2 points) ziggurat megalith scale registers 58. Scenes with figures, in Egyptian art, were arranged in horizontal rows called___________________. (2 points) proportions megalith registers points of view 59. When depicting the human body on a two-dimensional surface, artist used different ____________________ to show each part of the body in its most complete form. (2 points) registers points of view scale proportions 60. _____________________________brought peace and prosperity to his people and was the subject of many of that culture’s statuary. He was often depicted wearing the Persian lamb fur cap of Enis. (2 points) Ramesses II Hammurabi Hatshepsut Gudea of Lagash

plz answer some art history questions!!! will give 10 points!! thanks!!? Which settlement had no streets? Akkadia Catal Huyuk Jericho Sumeria --------------------------------------... Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Votive Statuettes from Eshnunna were most likely family portraits images of Sumerian gods perpetual worship icons sacred objects --------------------------------------... Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The material used in the creation of the Venus of Willendorf was ivory clay stone terracotta --------------------------------------... Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Ziggurat at Ur was a fortress funerary monument palace temple platform --------------------------------------... Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What were the most common themes in Assyrian art? Death and the afterlife Fertility and reproduction Warfare and hunting Worship and piety --------------------------------------... Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The two sides of the Standard of Ur shows scenes of devotion and homage hunting and harvesting trade and commerce war and peace --------------------------------------... Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What ethnic group is credited with the first system of writing known to man? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians --------------------------------------... Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Lamassu sculptures were recovered from where? Ashurbanipal's palace Gudea's Lagash Sargon's palace Ziggurat at Ur --------------------------------------... Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which work has a king approaching the god Shamash? Votive statue of Gudea Relief of Ashurbanipal Stele of Hammurabi Victory stele of Naram-Sin --------------------------------------... Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What color is lapis lazuli? Aqua Gold Red Yellow --------------------------------------... Question 11 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which leader has a portrait which illustrates his devotion and piety to his god? Ashurbanipal Gudea Naram-Sin Sennacherib --------------------------------------... Question 12 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What does NOT characterize Sumerian human figure compositions? composite perspective shoulders in profile oversized eyes Regularized poses --------------------------------------... Question 13 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What is NOT true of the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin? Displays absolute power of the king King portrayed as a divine figure Shows hierarchy of scale Demonstrates piety of king --------------------------------------... Question 14 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which of the following statements is false? Ancient Near Eastern city centers were built around temple complexes. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups left extensive architectural remains. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups primarily used mud-brick in construction. Ancient Near Eastern political history is characterized by multiple upheavals. --------------------------------------... Question 15 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement correctly characterizes Assyrian art? Great emotion in animal figures Great emotion in human figures Ununified compositions Wide variety of subjects --------------------------------------... Question 16 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which Mesopotamian ethnic group began the tradition of extending loyalty to an individual leader rather than to the state itself? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians --------------------------------------... Question 17 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement is false regarding Assyrian palaces? Demonstrated the warlike nature of the Assyrians Designed to intimidate and impress foreign

Art History!! plz answer and will give 10 points! thanks!!? Which settlement had no streets? Akkadia Catal Huyuk Jericho Sumeria -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Votive Statuettes from Eshnunna were most likely family portraits images of Sumerian gods perpetual worship icons sacred objects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The material used in the creation of the Venus of Willendorf was ivory clay stone terracotta -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Ziggurat at Ur was a fortress funerary monument palace temple platform -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What were the most common themes in Assyrian art? Death and the afterlife Fertility and reproduction Warfare and hunting Worship and piety -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The two sides of the Standard of Ur shows scenes of devotion and homage hunting and harvesting trade and commerce war and peace -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What ethnic group is credited with the first system of writing known to man? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Lamassu sculptures were recovered from where? Ashurbanipal's palace Gudea's Lagash Sargon's palace Ziggurat at Ur -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which work has a king approaching the god Shamash? Votive statue of Gudea Relief of Ashurbanipal Stele of Hammurabi Victory stele of Naram-Sin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What color is lapis lazuli? Aqua Gold Red Yellow -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 11 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which leader has a portrait which illustrates his devotion and piety to his god? Ashurbanipal Gudea Naram-Sin Sennacherib -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 12 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What does NOT characterize Sumerian human figure compositions? composite perspective shoulders in profile oversized eyes Regularized poses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 13 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What is NOT true of the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin? Displays absolute power of the king King portrayed as a divine figure Shows hierarchy of scale Demonstrates piety of king -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 14 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which of the following statements is false? Ancient Near Eastern city centers were built around temple complexes. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups left extensive architectural remains. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups primarily used mud-brick in construction. Ancient Near Eastern political history is characterized by multiple upheavals. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 15 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement correctly characterizes Assyrian art? Great emotion in animal figures Great emotion in human figures Ununified compositions Wide variety of subjects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 16 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which Mesopotamian ethnic group began the tradition of extending loyalty to an individual leader rather than to the state itself? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 17 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement is false regarding Assyrian palaces? Demonstrated the warlike nature of the Assyrians Designed to intimidate and impress foreign

Art History!! plz answer and will give 10 points!! thanks!!!? Which settlement had no streets? Akkadia Catal Huyuk Jericho Sumeria -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Votive Statuettes from Eshnunna were most likely family portraits images of Sumerian gods perpetual worship icons sacred objects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The material used in the creation of the Venus of Willendorf was ivory clay stone terracotta -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Ziggurat at Ur was a fortress funerary monument palace temple platform -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What were the most common themes in Assyrian art? Death and the afterlife Fertility and reproduction Warfare and hunting Worship and piety -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The two sides of the Standard of Ur shows scenes of devotion and homage hunting and harvesting trade and commerce war and peace -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What ethnic group is credited with the first system of writing known to man? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) The Lamassu sculptures were recovered from where? Ashurbanipal's palace Gudea's Lagash Sargon's palace Ziggurat at Ur -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which work has a king approaching the god Shamash? Votive statue of Gudea Relief of Ashurbanipal Stele of Hammurabi Victory stele of Naram-Sin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What color is lapis lazuli? Aqua Gold Red Yellow -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 11 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which leader has a portrait which illustrates his devotion and piety to his god? Ashurbanipal Gudea Naram-Sin Sennacherib -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 12 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What does NOT characterize Sumerian human figure compositions? composite perspective shoulders in profile oversized eyes Regularized poses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 13 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) What is NOT true of the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin? Displays absolute power of the king King portrayed as a divine figure Shows hierarchy of scale Demonstrates piety of king -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 14 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which of the following statements is false? Ancient Near Eastern city centers were built around temple complexes. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups left extensive architectural remains. Ancient Near Eastern ethnic groups primarily used mud-brick in construction. Ancient Near Eastern political history is characterized by multiple upheavals. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 15 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement correctly characterizes Assyrian art? Great emotion in animal figures Great emotion in human figures Ununified compositions Wide variety of subjects -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 16 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which Mesopotamian ethnic group began the tradition of extending loyalty to an individual leader rather than to the state itself? Akkadians Assyrians Babylonians Sumerians -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 17 (Multiple Choice Worth 2.0 points) Which statement is false regarding Assyrian palaces? Demonstrated the warlike nature of the Assyrians Designed to intimidate and impress foreign