Architectural Designs

i'd always wondered why 99% of the world famous architects are men..are women jus fit for interior design?

Please name some famous architects of the world n their creations?

why are 99.999 % of the famous architects and designers in the world are men? im not looking for feminist answers. im more curious on what skills, habits, methods of thinking etc did these men have in common that made them famous? could u guess what these very few women had, in order to reach the same level of recognition as their men counterparts?

Which universities around the world are famous for their architecture courses? I'm either going to graduate with A levels or Singapore Polytechnic Diploma in Architecture. So which good universities (you can list more than 1), any one around the world, where good architects graduate? Please provide details of whatever universities you have mentioned.

who is the most famous architect in the world?

What are some famous architects? I'm looking for some famous architects who have made several incredible contributions to the architectural world, whether it be innovative buildings or just plain famous buildings. I need 1 architect before 1499, 2 architects between 1500 and 1799, 2 architects in the 1800's, and 5 architects from 1900's to present day. Any suggestions are greatly appreciated, thanks :)

1950's famous buildings (school project)? I need to find out about famous world buildings/architecture of the 1950's. It needs to have been built at that time, also, were there any famous architects at that time?

Grammar Question: Which of these sentences are incorrect and why? 1) That is a lie that he is a world-famous architect. 2) He is most handsome in my family

Grammar Question: Which sentence is incorrect and why? 1) That is a lie that he is a world-famous architect. 2) He is most handsome in my family.

world famous person - Do you know Leonardo da Vinci ? Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519), was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. Know him before answer.......... Birth name Leonardo di Ser Piero Born April 15, 1452(1452-04-15) Vinci, Florence, in present-day Italy Died May 2, 1519 (aged 67) Amboise, Touraine (in present-day Indre-et-Loire, France) Nationality Italian Field Many and diverse fields of arts and sciences Movement High Renaissance Works Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man

great/famous architecture from around the world? For my textiles project I have to design a piece inspired by 'great buildings from around the world' but the only ones I can think of are the Eiffel tower, London eye ect. I wanted to design something a little different so just wanted to know of any other architects & buildings which aren't as well known :D Yeah I was going to do Gaudi, some of his designs are amazing. But drawing the 'Sagrada Familia' was too complex for me :L

Sophomore Unsure About College/Picking Up Grades? I would say my grades are good...but I want to bring them up, seeing as I am just a white male(unless I could get away with saying Asian-I am Russian :D) and I do not play any sports although I do have a club, although I am going to expand to two more. I have 90's in my science class...90's in history..90's in English...90's in Spanish......100 in Intro to Engineering...High 80's in Math... If I am achieving those grades, is that really good enough if I do very well on my SAT/ACT, could I possibly get into a prestigious school? And any tips to get my grades up...I think it would help to study, but I am just terrible at studying and I just can't get myself to do it.... Another thing I am unsure about is really what I want to do for my profession, for a year or so now I have decided on becoming a Green Architect-or at least some profession dealing with architecture...of course still green. But it sounds like unless I am a world famous architect I wouldn't even be upper middle class. Honestly, all I want from life is the weekends off for some time to do whatever and live in a nice apartment with a big tv and sit back and watch some football with an expensive car sitting...wherever. But I don't know if even if it is in the green industry I could get that. Would I be better off being a lawyer? Or a bond broker? Aerospace Engineer? Well thanks for the long read...even for me it feels like a boring essay reading it back but I didn't know how else to get my point across...and I donno if it helps but I am pretty much in all advanced classes...

Architecture Resources? Hi i want to go into architecture and i wanted to know if anyone has any good resources for architecture, any good books?, websites? etc. About different styles aswell as original designs and famous architects and about whats currently happening in the architect world, what styles are popular at the moment etc. Any magazines in architecture?

Translation to German please? Thank you!? I would really appreciate if someone could help me with translating this text to German. I tried using the translators but they translate really literally and what I need is correct grammar. Thank you so much in advance, your help is greatly appreciated!!! ' It was obvious that this temple needed to be reconstructed or else it would become just a pile of humongous stones and pillars due to its age. The company that was in charge of reconstruction hired experts for demolishing. In just an hour there was nothing left from the temple except of a big plain piece of ground. The most famous architects in the world were working on the temple. Before the mining took place, they made plans they were using when they started reconstructing the temple. After seven years of active work on the temple, the final outcome was finally visible! One of the most famous monuments in the world was standing in Efes, huge and great as it has always been. It's still there, attracting thousands of tourists every week. It's amazing how much can be done with the use of new technology and how much it differs from old ages.'

Translation to German please? NO TRANSLATOR. Thank you!? I would really appreciate if someone who knows German could help me with translating this text to German. Online translators translate really literally and there's no any correct grammar there. What I need is correct grammar, so please if you'd like to help don't use any translator. Thank you so much in advance, your help is greatly appreciated!!! ' It was obvious that this temple needed to be reconstructed or else it would become just a pile of humongous stones and pillars due to its age. The company that was in charge of reconstruction hired experts for demolishing. In just an hour there was nothing left from the temple except of a big plain piece of ground. The most famous architects in the world were working on the temple. Before the mining took place, they made plans they were using when they started reconstructing the temple. After seven years of active work on the temple, the final outcome was finally visible! One of the most famous monuments in the world was standing in Efes, huge and great as it has always been. It's still there, attracting thousands of tourists every week. It's amazing how much can be done with the use of new technology and how much it differs from old ages.' Thank you all so much! You really helped me a lot. Best regards, Iva. :)

I studied 3 years of Architecture, Shall I change career to cope with the recession? Hi all, I can't sleep, I just feel so mentally weak. I am a talented designer, and I have done many graphic design jobs (but they're mostly very small jobs), but I love to design websites, t-shirts, logos all sorts, drawing sketching etc, so I previously imagined myself owning a graphic design studio, however I am not sure that was a big enough challenge for me, so I later chose architecture, I was young and newly developing an interest in the 'bigger picture' and why things are the way they are around us. Now, I've applied to 100 jobs and I wasn't distraught, the only thing is that every search about architecture on google happens to bring back a negative result. All the warning signs are there, and now after fighting for it for so long (and struggling at university, graduating with a 2:2), not knowing a single architect in my family or close friend circle, I am starting to feel like the 'girl who continues a relationship with a compulsive cheater'. You know, that feeling that everyone can see her sinking, but she still hopes for the best. Now I don't know who will be responding, and I don't mind, just be critical and not judge-mental, please. Architecture has developed into such a big passion of mine these past 3 years and have kept me from dropping out of university, however the recession aside, architects have never raked it in. Everyone thinks architects rip people off, but if only they knew that the average architect earns close to a teacher's salary. It is NOT lucrative, well not now anyway, and I don't get the sense that it ever was actually. Does it really make sense to suffer so much for your passion?? I mean the famous and world-known architects can testify yes, but what about all of the millions of those who felt misled and are unhappy with their earnings and situations.

please help me with this..world history chap. 29 sect. 1? Matching... ____ 1. companies with divisions in more than two countries ____ 2. literary form developed in latin america ____ 3. received 1982 nobel prize for literature ____ 4. western hemisphere political group ____ 5. famous architect who designed some of brasilias buildings a. oscar niemeyer b. magic realism c. multinational corporations d. garcia marquez e. organization of american states Multiple Choice 6. during the 1980s, many latin american governments came to believe all of the following except that a. latin american governments controlled too many industries b. peasants should grow more food for home consumption c. industrialization had been too rapid d. increasing their debt would help latin american economies 7. one of the reasons that democratic reforms happened in some latin american countries during the 1980s was a. the unwillingness of some militry leaders to deal with debt problems b. the rampant spread of feudalism through latin america c. the closing of the gap between rich and poor d. the growth of foreign markets for latin american goods 8. latin americas economic problems were made worse by a. dramatic declines in population b. dramatic increases in population c. no growth in the middle class d. dramatic growth of the large middle class 9. after the establishment of the oas in 1948, the united states did all of the following except a. stop interfering in latin american affairs b. provide military aid to anti-communist regimes c. take action against pro-communist governments d. become more anxious about the spread of communist regimes 10. in one hundred years of solitude, marquez a. mixes realism and fantasy b. depicts life in a brazilian jail c. combines fable with romance d. integrates drama and improvisation IS NOT THAT I DONT OR CANT DO THIS ON MY OWN, IS THAT I HAVE ALOT OF PROBLEMS GOING ON. IM ONLY 17 AND I JUST GAVE BIRTH. I STARTED GOING BACK TO SCHOOL ON MONDAY. I WAS ON HOMEBOUND. AND IM FALLING BEHIND ON SOME WORK SO I NEED YOUR HELP.. PLEASE AND THANK YOU.

will i achieve my dream? i am a proud.......pino.....y my dream is to be a famous architect in the world, and i have strong faith with my talent in architecture, though i have some slight inferiorities with some aspects like math, grammar, capitalizations and attitude, do you think i will succed? YA automatically put it in the "psyhchology section", i just use browse categories and put it here in the philippines i mean "succeed" i mean "psychology" <<Learn how to spell then maybe you can ask your question again>> i expected that <<You will, DAD!!! I promise, MAMA and i will support you all the way!!! :-)>> thanks son, well you may want to go back to the garage and finish cleaning the jalopy thank you very much for all the answerers! have a nice day :)

Why architectural profession is not paid as well as others? You can find the fact around the world.. Compared with other graduates, most architects need to study longer, had more assignments, spend more money on 'tools'.. And when they start the career, they will need a couple of years to get a lisence, many years to get recognized, and a few lucky ones can get famous after a couple of decades of hard work.. still you have to give more but what you get is much less than others this is quite phenomenon, since most people think arcthitects are well-paid exclusive job

What was this quote and who said it? uhm well all i know is that the quote has to do with beauty in the world increasing as you get older and such and some famous architect said it. i left the quote in school and i was hoping maybe someone would know it?? HELP!

Are Daniel Burnham, Chicago Architect and Robert Burnham, Astronomer also of Chicago---related? Daniel Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was a world class architect who lived in Chicago and built many of the buildings there after the famous Fire supposedly caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow. He supposedly drew up the plans for the observatory for Mt. Palomar Observatory. Robert Burnham( June 16, 1931 – March 20, 1993)(this is NOT the editor of Astronomy Magazine) was also from Chicago but is the author of the famous Burnham's Celestial Handbook.

World History Please Help Hurry!!!? 7. Which is the correct description of chasquis? (Points : 3) trained runners who carried news throughout the Inca Empire colored strings used to keep records in the Inca Empire clan groups used for taxation in the Inca Empire summer dwellings used by the rulers of the Inca Empire 8. Which two events weakened the Inca Empire prior to the Spanish conquest? (Points : 3) civil war and disease decline in trade and an uprising among neighboring people a devastating earthquake and tidal wave drought and famine 9. Which best describes the Renaissance? (Points : 3) rebirth of interest in classical civilization, which led to enterprise and creativity in Europe renewal of wars against Turks in the Holy Land to open trade with the East creation of a new style of diplomacy that originated in Italy reopening of the Silk Road to China 10. Which is the best explanation for why the Renaissance began in Italy? (Points : 3) Only Italian merchants were allowed access to China, where they discovered new ideas. Italian artists were the first to break with the traditions of Greece and Rome. Trade and conflict brought Byzantine and Muslim ideas to wealthy Italian city-states. Italy was a unified and powerful country, where new ideas could take hold free of outside influence. 11. In which city did the Renaissance begin? (Points : 3) Rome Naples Venice Florence 12. How did the Medici family influence the Renaissance? (Points : 3) They discovered ancient texts containing long-forgotten knowledge. They supported the unification of all Italian states. They reopened trade with India and China. They were patrons of art and learning. 13. Baldassare Castiglione is remembered for which work? (Points : 3) The Book of the Courtier Pietà The Divine Comedy Birth of Venus 14. In The Prince, Machiavelli says: "It is safer to be feared than to be loved." Which best describes what he means? (Points : 3) Rulers will succeed only if they make their subjects feel frightened. Rulers should constantly watch out for traitors. Rulers should only treat their own people with kindness; all others should live in fear. Rulers will have more success by demonstrating power rather than goodwill. 15. The ideas of the Renaissance spread from Italy to northern Europe. Which is the best explanation of why this happened? (Points : 3) Italian merchants traded with prosperous cities to the north. Traders from the Byzantine Empire arrived in European cities. Artists and thinkers fled Italy because of war and disease. Italian armies conquered large areas of Europe. 16. Why is the printing press considered one of the world's most significant inventions? (Points : 3) It increased trade between European cities. It gave more people access to manuscripts. It led to the Gutenberg Bible. It spread knowledge and spurred literacy. 17. Name the Renaissance artist who covered the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel with masterful frescoes of religious scenes. (Points : 3) Sandro Botticelli Michelangelo Raphael Leonardo da Vinci 18. Which Renaissance artist produced detailed engravings that became famous throughout Europe? (Points : 3) Albrecht Dürer Hans Holbein the Younger El Greco Jan van Eyck 19. Which masterful Renaissance artist was also a brilliant sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, and philosopher who filled notebooks with backward writing? (Points : 3) Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo Sandro Botticelli 20. Elizabethan England is most famous for which art form? (Points : 3) frescoes madrigals drama epic poetry

WORLD HISTORY HELP PLZ I NEED TO PASS? 1. Which of the following was a cause of the Renaissance? A) The beginning of the Black Death in Europe. B) Increased trade with countries throughout the world after the Crusades. C) A resurgence in the influence of the Catholic Church. D) A revival of the style of art practiced during the Middle Ages. 2. Which of the following statements best describes the importance of Italian city-states to the Renaissance? A) Knowledge of arts increased as nobles and merchants sought to display their new wealth. B) The Catholic Church, dominant in the city-states, published the first Bible. C) Italian shipbuilders brought paintings and sculpture back from China and India. D) As agricultural centers, city-states produced an abundance of crops, and sold them to foreign markets. 3. One new method Renaissance artists used to represent the natural world accurately in their paintings was A) vernacular. B) impressionism. C) perspective. D) symbolism. 4. Which of the following is famous for creating the statues of David and Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? A) Ignatius of Loyola B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) William Shakespeare 5. Humanism was influenced by interest in A) Greek and Roman culture. B) Catholic doctrines. C) Buddhist philosophy. D) scientific writings. 6. Which of the following became the architect of Rome and designed St. Peter’s Basilica? A) Raffaello Sanzio B) Donato Bramante C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) Leonardo da Vinci 7. In what way did Renaissance art differ from art in the Middle Ages? A) It was highly stylized and abstract in representing the world. B) It focused primarily on representation of religious figures and scenes. C) It used symbols to represent the natural world. D) It emphasized the human qualities and character of its subjects. 8. Which of the following Renaissance figures advanced the idea that the end justifies the means? A) Christine de Pisan B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Niccolo Machiavelli D) Donato Bramante 9. One idea that centered on things of the world rather than spiritual ideals was known as what kind of approach? A) Secular B) Devotional C) Symbolic D) Classical 10. Who had a great influence on the Renaissance period? A) English nobles who encouraged their children to study with artists in Italy. B) French diplomats who commissioned paintings from Italian artists. C) Greek scholars who came to Italy to escape the Ottomans. D) Asian rulers who wanted to see their style of art integrated into the Renaissance style.

Famous political activist Dick Gregory currently on hunger strike for 9/11 truth. Was 9/11 an inside job? http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=20979 It was so painful for me as my wife Lil and I watched the events of September 11, 2001 on television. Seeing a plane hit the World Trade Center (WTC) North Tower at 8:46, then a second plane hit the South Tower at 9:02. Shortly, we saw the firefighters and other first responders courageously going into the buildings hoping to extinguish the fires, but it was impossible to foresee what followed. Then we watched in shock as nearly a dozen people were jumping from the upper floors to their deaths. We felt profound horror at 9:59 as the South Tower cascaded in freefall into its own footprint, and then 29 minutes later when the North Tower came down in the same impossible freefall way. The new forensic evidence which is being released today by Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth demonstrates the presence of controlled demolition materiel in the World Trade Center buildings One and Two. Just one week after September 11, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Christine Todd Whitman declared “I am glad to reassure the people of New York and Washington DC that their air is safe to breathe and their water is safe to drink” and that we “. . . need not be concerned about environmental issues as [we return to [our] homes and workplaces”. Yet to this day, at least 900 first responders have since died as a result of the effects of toxic “dust” from the buildings and the some 3,000 human remains that enveloped lower Manhattan and which Mayor Rudolph Giuliani declared “We must clear the rubble”. This “rubble” in fact constituted evidence from a massive crime scene, but was hauled away, first to Long Island, and then was eventually placed on barges and shipped to China. One thing I know is that the official government story of those events, as well as what took place that day at the Pentagon, is just that, a story. This story is not the truth, but far from it. I was born on October 12, 1932. I am announcing today that I will be consuming only liquids beginning Sunday until my eightieth birthday in 2012 and until the real truth of what truly happened on that day emerges and is publicly known. Got this from 1,292 architects and engineers for 9/11 truth - http://www.ae911truth.org/ WTC Building #7, a 47-story high-rise not hit by an airplane, exhibited all the characteristics of classic controlled demolition with explosives: 1. Rapid onset of "collapse" 2. Sounds of explosions at ground floor - a second before the building's destruction 3. Symmetrical "structural failure" -- through the path of greatest resistance -- at free-fall acceleration 4. Imploded, collapsing completely, and landed in its own footprint 5. Massive volume of expanding pyroclastic dust clouds 6. Expert corroboration from the top European Controlled Demolition professional 7. Fore-knowledge of "collapse" by media, NYPD, FDNY In the the aftermath of WTC7's destruction, strong evidence of demolition using incendary devices was discovered: 8. FEMA finds rapid oxidation and intergranular melting on structural steel samples 9. Several tons of molten metal reported by numerous highly-qualified witnesses 10. Ch

please help me World history? 3. One new method Renaissance artists used to represent the natural world accurately in their paintings was A) vernacular. B) impressionism. C) perspective. D) symbolism. 4. Which of the following is famous for creating the statues of David and Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? A) Ignatius of Loyola B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) William Shakespeare 5. Humanism was influenced by interest in A) Greek and Roman culture. B) Catholic doctrines. C) Buddhist philosophy. D) scientific writings. 6. Which of the following became the architect of Rome and designed St. Peter’s Basilica? A) Raffaello Sanzio B) Donato Bramante C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) Leonardo da Vinci 7. In what way did Renaissance art differ from art in the Middle Ages? A) It was highly stylized and abstract in representing the world. B) It focused primarily on representation of religious figures and scenes. C) It used symbols to represent the natural world. D) It emphasized the human qualities and character of its subjects. 8. Which of the following Renaissance figures advanced the idea that the end justifies the means? A) Christine de Pisan B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Niccolo Machiavelli D) Donato Bramante 9. One idea that centered on things of the world rather than spiritual ideals was known as what kind of approach? A) Secular B) Devotional C) Symbolic D) Classical 10. Who had a great influence on the Renaissance period? A) English nobles who encouraged their children to study with artists in Italy. B) French diplomats who commissioned paintings from Italian artists. C) Greek scholars who came to Italy to escape the Ottomans. D) Asian rulers who wanted to see their style of art integrated into the Renaissance style.

Argument Letter? pls add more point..........forget about the grammar! i just need more ideas! I wish to comment on the letter that was sent to your paper for publishing about bringing down an old building located at (blahblahblah) It was written that the building is going to be demolished to spare some space for the industrial zone. I think that is a bad idea because the people who live near the old building would need to bear weeks of unstop noise from the construction site. The amount of air pollution would increase in time causing the resident to migrate to another place. I have a better idea which consists of converting it into a historical building. Why? I found out about the original frame of it, it was planned by (famous architect). If this news is spread over the world, more people would come as a tourist and increase the nation income. Wouldn’t it help? I hope you agree with my idea. We can turn this area to a better place. All we need is some understanding and agreement. I’m looking forw

Serious q' for intelligent people: Any possibility Satan is physically on earth? I believe it's on Apocalypse in the Bible that says that Satan will be tied up for 1000 years, or something to that effect. Jehovah Witnesses used to say (at least 30 years ago, and may not be proclaiming so at this moment, since I'm under the impression that they have gone back on their word in many things in these past three decades!), they used to say that Satan had come down to earth in 1914 at the onset of World War I. Reading an hour ago about how thousands of professionals in the U.S. (i.e. engineers, architects, medical professionals, U.S. military people, etc., and even 9/11 victims' families) are demanding government explanation about what really happened that day and especially what happened with the third building--building 7--which fell on its own many hours later in the exact same manner a control explosion would make it come down, and that so much palpable evidence was there but that everything was hauled away even before FEMA got there, it has made me wondered that many people are all wrong about it. It was not President Bush, nor Cheney, nor anyone else in government who knew about this. No one except a small group doing Satan's physical work could have done this and gone undetected. I know that most Americans are famous world over for being slow at comprehending some things, but to me it makes less and less sense to think it was CIA. Much less even that the President or Vice President knew about this. PLEASE, if you are a very intelligent person and also know religion, don't answer my question from the point of view of the Bible in the sense that Jesus will be the one beating Satan, etc. If you're able to validate my point with other proof, I'd appreciate it. For example I strongly believe the Illuminate, which most people ignore and the rest don't really know much about, is truly Satan's workers here on earth. And that if anything in human form (other than the supposed terrorists) were to have done the 9/11 job, it must be the Illuminati. http://www.ae911truth.org Most of the answers are very interesting and I'm learning some other things I had never heard before. The link about the Jehovah Witnesses has caused a bit of impression on me, though I have not read it all. I must say right here and now that I cannot believe there is any evil in these people, since I have met with them over the decades and actually got to know the Bible through them. By the way I meant to say "backtracked" and not "back on their word". Many of the things we used to hear from a couple of them decades back and was firmly believed by at least some of them, such as "one person only governing entire world", "one single monetary unit for the whole world", "an anti-Christ governing world", etc., is not apparently believed in the same manner as back then. PNAGY75: I know saying that about Americans is not nice, but if all of us in America were to understand our own limitations and also see our naivete and admit we act very childish and arrogantly not accepting that others h

is torture a form of art? many countries are famous for some kinds of art IE; France and Italy are known....? for their architect, Iran for Persian carpet, etc? seriously which country is best in the art of torture? CIA has been training many foreign agents the art of torture for a long time now? isn't it about time USA be recognized by the world for our contributions to this type of art work?! which American university would be the most appropriate to teach such an art form? what do you think?

Does any else love watching the HISTORY CHANNEL? Better than the movies at times...? I was watching something late night...about Russia and Ivan the great and later came Ivan the terrible...he was nuts and ended up killing his own son after beating his pregnant wife. But it was interesting to learn how Russia became an empire because of these people...the lengths they went to, to conquer, how they built their famous monuments (architects from Italy), all of it....it was really fascinating. Too bad these things don't interest people...I think they should have a 15 minute clip of stuff like this before a movie instead of a half hour full of ridiculous commercials...everything is about money these days I know...but sadly, history will be forgotten as people only study thier own and have zero understanding of other cultures and their impact on today's world. If they did, I think the world would be a lot different. Kids might actually be inspired to use their brains for something other than just the here and now you know?

who is the architect of the french cultural center in damascus syria ? this cultural center is very famous not only in syria but also in the world , and I think that le corbusier the one who disigned it, but I can not find photos for it in his buildings...please send to me some photos if you can.....sorry about my boor English! I am studying architecure...

Your comments on the story i'm writing? I have started with a story. As of now I have done the character sketch of the main characters. Please read and give in your feedback. Amy: Amy Newton was born in New York and had stayed with her father in the city forever. Her father, Herbert Newton, a famous businessman was travelling most of the time to different countries because of work. Lucy Newton, her mother had passed away when she was only two. Brought up by nannies and maid’s Amy was closer to them during her initial years of growing up. Yet she respected and loved her father more than anyone in this world. Herbert fulfilled all her desires and wishes... expect one. He was not able to spend “Quality” time with his daughter. Amy had travelled with her father across the world during her summer vacations and had enjoyed those days the most as they brought her closer to her father. She detested when the vacations came to an end. The Newton’s had a huge mansion in New York. It was an 8 Bedroom, 3 floored house with a swimming pool in the backyard and a garden in the front which was the size of a baseball field. Built by a famous architect from Rome, the house had ethnic and classical touch of the Roman civilization. Paintings from famous artists hung on the carved walls. The Mansion depicted the wealth of Mr. Newton who was a self-made man. Every room had a different theme. There were rare pieces of decorations brought from different parts of the world to enhance the beauty of the mansion. It was the most aesthetic white structure that the city had ever seen. Milky white marble statues found place in the gardens of the house, which were illuminated with bright lights during the night. The place was no less than a fairy tale castle sitting magnificently in the city, praised by all its audience. Amy was a very beautiful girl. She had the perfect features and perfect body. Long brown hair which were never out of place. It seemed like she never had a bad hair day. Big green eyes which never missed any detail. A smile so warm that it made a dull day bright and shinny. She looked like a ramp model which made boys go all ‘oohh and aahh’ and girls all jealous. A down to earth girl Amy was. Talented and intelligent, she had always been a topper in her school and college. She never mentioned that she was “AMY NEWTON” infront of a crowd, because she wanted to be just Amy. Her father’s name when attached with hers changed things completely. People almost fell to their knees. And she loathed this. Amy enjoyed being outside her home though. An independent soul, she didn’t like to be dependent on her father. Her father on the other hand did not approve her taking up summer jobs when she was not travelling with him. Peacefully both father and daughter used to discuss this issue. Now as she was going to be 20, Amy had decided that she will not join her father’s business. Instead she had a different plan sketched up for her life. But Herbert was hell bent for her to join him as soon as possible. She was delaying the option with excuses that made her father angry. It was her 20th birthday that changed things for Amy. Mark: Mark Stevens was a born rebel. His father, Andrew Stevens, was a famous Lawyer of London. His mother, Emily Stevens, was the owner of one of the most expensive boutique in London. Rich and Famous list was not complete if ‘The Stevens’ were not mentioned in it. And Mark never left any opportunity to use his “Status” to get things done. His father did not like it when he misused their family name. A lot of arguments took place between the father and the son on almost daily basis. Emily was the pacemaker. She took time out of her busy schedule to sit with Mark and talk to him. This made Mark closer to his mother. He confided his deepest secrets to her. In London, the Stevens had a “Palace” in which they lived. It was indeed a palace, which belonged to one of the royalties of the country in the early centuries. Andrew Stevens had bought the property at a very handsome price. Emily had decorated their “Home” in the most beautiful manner. Everything was exquisite, expensive and exotic. A library which was bigger than the town library, an indoor sports area constructed which was well equipped. Both Mark and Andrew enjoyed sports a lot. Andrew was the football team captain when he was in high school. And Mark had led his school team to victory in swimming and basket ball. Their beautiful garden had flowers which were of rare species. The Palace was made of grey brick and stones. A long drive way from the main gate which was huge and made up of wrought iron. Tall and beautiful trees covering the drove way on both sides. A fountain was in the middle of the enormous garden. The palace was included in the most exotic and breath taking palaces of the country. When Mark was 5, his father wanted him learn how to play tennis but Mark was keener on learning swimming. He felt ‘the water’ belonged to him. Mark had created a big scene When Mark was 5, his father wanted him learn how to play tennis but Mark was keener on learning swimming. He felt ‘the water’ belonged to him. Mark had created a big scene and finally his father had to agree with Mark and grant him his wish. Usually when there was a conflict between Mark and his father, Mark won. One reason was that Emily supported Mark. She was the only person who understood... or atleast kind of understood her son. “Brat” was what his father called him when he was upset with Mark. While he was growing up, his father fed into his mind that Mark should become a Lawyer – Just like him – in future. Mark was not fond of this particular career option. He felt he will be overshadowed by his father’s name once he took up law. Though he was a brilliant student and could easily make it big in any of the professions he would have chosen, but being a lawyer was something he had absolutely rejected since childhood. He did not want to be like his father. Mark was a handsome boy. He had the looks of a royalty. Bright blue eyes which pierced easily through anybody’s soul, Pearly white skin with a face and body which belonged to only Greek gods. He was every girl’s dream come true. He was in reach of every soul around him, yet so far. He was a kind of person who understood the situation well and manipulated it according to his benefits. His mind worked in a manner which nobody could ever understand. Not a predictable person Mark was but he could easily predict others. He had already planned his future and was quiet determined on going against his father’s wishes. He knew his mother would support him, like she always had. He also knew that when he would tell his father about his plans, his father would throw a fit around the house which would be extremely difficult to handle. But Mark was ready for all that.

What do you think of these fast facts? 1. Nebraska was once called "The Great American Desert". 2. In 1927, Edwin E. Perkins of Hastings invented the powered soft drink Kool-Aid. 3. J. Sterling Morton founded Arbor Day in Nebraska City in 1872. 4. The state nickname used to be the "Tree Planter's State", but was changed in 1945 to the "Cornhusker State". 5. State insect is the honeybee. 6. State motto: Equality before the law. 7. The goldenrod was declared the state flower on April 4, 1895. 8. The Naval Ammunition Depot located in Hastings was the largest U.S. ammunition plant providing 40% of WWII's ammunition. 9. The Lied Jungle located in Omaha is the world's largest indoor rain forest. 10. Nebraska is the birthplace of the Reuben sandwich. 11. Spam (canned meat) is produced in Fremont. 12. Nebraska has the U.S.'s largest aquifer (underground lake/water supply), the Ogalala aquifer. 13. Nebraska has more miles of river than any other state. 14. The Union Pacific's Bailey Yards, in North Platte, is the largest rail classification complex in the world. 15. Nebraska is the only state in the union with a unicameral (one house) legislature. 16. Nebraska was the first state to complete its segment of the nations mainline interstate system, a 455 mile stretch of four lane highway. 17. Nebraska is both the nation's largest producer and user of center pivot irrigation. 18. Nebraska's Chimney rock was the most often mentioned landmark in journal entries by travelers on the Oregon Trail. 19. The 911 system of emergency communications, now used nationwide, was developed and first used in Lincoln, Nebraska. 20. Nebraska has more underground water reserves than any other state in the continental U.S. 21. Marlon Brando's mother gave Henry Fonda acting lessons at the Omaha Community Playhouse. 22. Lincoln County is the origin of the world's largest "Wolly Mammoth" elephant fossil. 23. Weeping Water is the nations largest limestone deposit and producer. 24. Mutual of Omaha Corporate headquarters is a public building built with 7 floors underground. 25. The Nebraska Cornhuskers have been to a record 27 consecutive bowl games and 27 consecutive winning seasons 26. The University of Nebraska Cornhusker football team has produced more Academic All-Americans than any other Division I school. 27. In Blue Hill, Nebraska, no female wearing a 'hat that would scare a timid person' can be seen eating onions in public. 28. The world's first college course about radio personality Rush Limbaugh is taught at Bellevue University in Nebraska. 29. Origin of Nebraska's Name: From an Oto Indian word meaning flat water 30. Nebraska's Motto: Equality Before the Law 31. Nebraska's State Gem is the Blue Agate 32. The largest porch swing in the world is located in Hebron, Nebraska and it can sit 25 adults. 33. The world's largest hand-planted forest is Halsey National Forrest near Thedford, Nebraska 34. The world's only museum dedicated to Fur Trading is located at Fort Atkinson near Blair. 35. The famous architect, Edward Durrell Stone, designed the Stuhr Museum near Grand Island, Nebraska. 36. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln weight room is the largest in the country. It covers three-fourths of an acre 37. Chevyland USA near Elm Creek, Nebraska is the only museum dedicated to a single line of cars. 38. The largest Kolache Festival in the world is located in Prague, Nebraska 39. Cozad, Nebraska is located on the 100th Meridian where the humid east meets the arid west. 40. In Nebraska in 1986 for the first time ever two women ran against each other for governorship of a state. 41. The cost of the Nebraska Capitol building was $ 9,800,440.07 in 1932. The construction job came in under budget and the building was paid for by the time it was completed. 42. Union Pacific Railroad's museum is headquartered in Nebraska. 43. Buffalo Bill Cody held his first rodeo in North Platte, Nebraska July 4, 1882. 44. In 1950, Omaha became the home of the College World Series. 45. There are five army forts open to the public in Nebraska: Atkinson, Kearny, Hartsuff, Sidney, and Robinson. 46. Sidney, Nebraska was the starting point of the Black Hills Gold Rush. 47. Antelope and Buffalo are counties in Nebraska named after animals. 48. Dr. Harold Edgerton of Aurora, Nebraska is the inventor of the strobe light. 49. Kearney, Nebraska is located exactly between Boston and San Francisco. 50. Father Edward Flanagan found Just wanted to get the word out. If you know what I mean Poll & Survey dwellers. Back to the intellectual Physics section were I belong.

translate from english to spanish? Ernesto saw the creativity all of the artists had and wondered what it would be like to be an artist. He already enjoyed drawing and was very original so it seemed like the perfect career for him. Ernesto told what he was thinking and Joe said it was a marvellous idea. Joe told Ernesto that all of the sculptures in the museum made him more interested in architecture and was now thinking about becoming an architect. The last room in the museum was a room dedicated to Diego Rivera. In the center was a statue of him. Ernesto and Joe then saw a photograph of one of Diego Rivera’s most famous murals Man at the Crossroad. Joe said “The mural was painted by Diego Rivera a world-famous Mexican Painter, an active communist, and husband of Frida Kahlo.” The two boys were both very tired and decided to leave. thank youuuuuu so much for anyone that helps! no spanish translators please, so this question is for spanish speakers.

9/11 monument idea wat do u think? there has been alot of dicussion over wat we should put in the place of the world trade centers. heres my idea: put a American flag as high as one of the towers in its place. allong the sides, put all names of people that died from the tower, pentagon or any of the planes (cept for the hijackers of course). also it would be neat to have an elevator going to the top, which glass windows on the side so u can see the view.i figure this flag would show the world that no matter wat u do to us, the american flag will always raise again. then , build another memorial (since the flagh will be in the middle, between the 2 spots where the towers were) around the edges of the spot of the towers, with information and videos and pictures on the day so we can remember the day so it can be remembered and respected generations from now. also, like The Wall in washington, D.C. they should build a wall around the memorial and have names of every1 that died. also, i had in mind that next to the falg pole, we could put a statue of a firefighter stepping out of the smoke and ashes, holding a guy in his arms. so thats my idea so i'd appreciate it if you could comment on wether you like it or not. and plz keep in mind im only 13 so its not like im some famous architect so please dont critisize me on every little thing that not perfect, this is just an idea p.s. god bless all who lossed their lives on that dreadful day R.I.P.

Is using of 'big' names appropriate in motivation letters for university? Well, I've written a motivation letter for a university in English (not my native language) and given it to my friend for revising. I've placed there a quotation by a famous architect to emphasise my idea. My friend said that such name dropping is not nice as it's like showing off, and I should omit this quotation. Is he right? I really don't want to remove it. Here is this fragment: "I consider architecture to have the most intimate connection with life as it shapes our living environment and adds aesthetic value to it. As Frank Lloyd Wright truly said, architecture is “life itself taking form and therefore it is the truest record of life as it was lived in the world yesterday, as it is lived today or ever will be lived”. Any single building therefore is a marvelously rich scientific resource (......)" What do you think? Can I replace the name with "as it was said..."? Or should I leave it? The letter is for "History of Architecture" master's program. Thank you a lot in advance! =)

Is using of 'big' names appropriate in this writing? Well, I've written a motivation letter for a university in English (not my native language) and given it to my friend for revising. I've placed there a quotation by a famous architect to emphasise my idea. My friend said that such name dropping is not nice as it's like showing off, and I should omit this quotation. Is he right? I really don't want to remove it. Here is this fragment: "I consider architecture to have the most intimate connection with life as it shapes our living environment and adds aesthetic value to it. As Frank Lloyd Wright truly said, architecture is “life itself taking form and therefore it is the truest record of life as it was lived in the world yesterday, as it is lived today or ever will be lived”. Any single building therefore is a marvelously rich scientific resource (......)" What do you think? Can I replace the name with "as it was said..."? Or should I leave it? The letter is for "History of Architecture" master's program. Thank you a lot in advance! =)

I need good 30-minute films (documentary or short films) to show at work? I work for an architecture firm and I coordinate this half-hour program wherein I entertain the employees. I usually show documentaries that feature architects, or famous built work, and I am running out of ideas. I have shown the pbs' e2 series (a feature on sustainable projects around the world) and documentaries about frank gehry, renzo piano and some japanese architecture. It doesnt necessarily have to be about architecture, (but it's a plus) but it could be about art, culture or anything tasteful (I have to show it at work after all). Your ideas would be appreciated!

Can you correct my summary?I'm foreign.10p!!!? The empire state building is the skyscrapers more famous than New York and than the world. It designed by architects Lamb, Shreve and Harmon. The work started in 1930 and after 14 months it completed and it opened in 1931. It’s high 443m and it has 102 floor,73 lifts and 6500 windows. It is the building higher than New York. On the roof we can see the four states near New York. Every Columbus Day this skyscrapers is illuminated of the colors of the Italian tricolor (green, white and red). There are a lot of events of this skyscraper: King Kong film, where a big gorilla is bombarded of the planes, and Alain Robert, a man that scaled the Empire State Building with the hands in fact he’s called “spiderman”.

Can you correct my summary? 10p!!!? The empire state building is the skyscrapers more famous than New York and than the world. It designed by architects Lamb, Shreve and Harmon. The work started in 1930 and after 14 months it completed and it opened in 1931. It’s high 443m and it has 102 floor,73 lifts and 6500 windows. It is the building higher than New York. On the roof we can see the four states near New York. Every Columbus Day this skyscrapers is illuminated of the colors of the Italian tricolor (green, white and red). There are a lot of events of this skyscraper: King Kong film, where a big gorilla is bombarded of the planes, and Alain Robert, a man that scaled the Empire State Building with the hands in fact he’s called “spiderman”.

Can You edit this? The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spread all the way across Western Europe. It began in Italy and provided great art and information that was very practical and still used today. The Renaissance was a period of rebirth. It came as a new faith with human effort. This was a period of great knowledge and creativity in the arts and sciences. Many people wonder how the Renaissance happened in Italy. It's because Italy was the heartland of the old Roman Empire. Most of Italy was still using the old Roman law, therefore it was easy to combine medieval law with the Roman legal code. Majority of Roman rules, mosaics, sculptures, and wall paintings inspired Italian artists and architects, like Michelangelo. Italy was located in a place that was full of mountains. Although this meant less invaders by foreigners, it also made travel harder with only a few trade routes. In Renaissance times, most people didn't really have to worry about climate. It was mildly cold in the winter and food was plentiful all year long. Since there weren't a lot of worries people were able to devote their time to science, literature, and art, the things that made the Renaissance great! Through the Renaissance times, religion was tested by many people in all different ways. An example is humanism. Humanism's goal was to balance power of reason and science to find the scientifical explanation rather than having to depend on the reasonings of religion. Scientists tried to prove that people could have their own destiny's and not have to follow and believe everything the Bible and chruch told them. Science brought a whole new meaning to the world as time went on. Through the fourteenth and fifteenth century, science took a full 180 degree turn. It was highly dangerous to challenge the teachings of the chruch in a highly religous time like the Renaissance. Lawyer, doctor, mathematician and chruch administrator, Nicholas Copernicus of Poland was the very first scientist to state 1543, the revoultionary theory that the earth is not the centre of the universe. He didn't use a telescope, or any technology, he used his brain and love for math. Galileo Gailie continued further with these observations and he too saw what Copernicus had discovered early. Galileo took this to the chruch, but was turned down. The chruch forced Galileo to go against his beliefs and stick to the chruch's rulings. Threatned, he was sent to house arrest for life. Ordinary people like Savonarola spoke up about religion and were critisized. A Dominican monk, named Savonarola, speant his life trying to fix corruption in the chruch. Savonarola perched against Pope Alexander VI. He was thrown in jail, tartere, burned, beaten, hung, and thrown in the river. Two of the greatest cities that ever exsisted in the Renaissance are Florence and Venice. Florence is located by the Arno River. The population known at the time was 100 000. The Black Death, however, swept out a huge chunk of that population. Thousands, in fact. Travel was always difficult in Florence. Mountains and hardly any paths made it tricky to get around, but hard for invasion. For hundreds of years, Florence was ruled by a powerful family called the Medici's. The Medici's produced many successful people including three popes. They were rich in clothing, banking, and trade. They knew which people to deal with and which not to. Another popular city, Venice was surrounded by the Adrictic Sea. Bodies of water meant travel, drinking water, and bathing. With a population of over 150 000, Venice was a warring city-state that captured Padua and Verona. Some of the greatest artist of all time were born in Italy. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of them. He never recieved a great education, he just observed the natural world around him. Da Vinci was a great painter and inventer. He is most famous for designing the Mona Lisa painting, and designing many useful things such as the helicopter, parachute, and tank. He often got side tracked and started a new project before finishing the old one. Leonardo Da Vinci started creating a book on human anatomy. The catch was though, he wrote it backwards so no one would take credit for his notes, but him. People latered discovered that by looking in a mirrior, you could perfectly see the notes written. Another artist named Michelangelo is one of the most known artists of the Renaissance. He was able to accomplish so much in his life including being named the best sculpter in Italy at only the age of twenty-five. One of his most memorable pieces still continues to excite many tourist. Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel in Rome, lying on his back. The Renaissance was able to reach Northern Europe with many weathly merchants who responded by patronizing with writers and painters. A very helpful invention called the printing press was able to create books and notes to teach the the rest of Northern Europe. In conclusion, I think that the Renaissance was a great time. It allowed many artists and writers to express how they felt. Not just one person made the Renaissance great. A whole bunch of people were able to create many valuable pieces that we still admire today.

Judge Napolitano, Governor Jesse Ventura, Senator Mike Gravel;true patriots for demanding 9/11 reinvestigation? I mean their must be millions of Americans and around the world who are demanding a 9/11 re investigation; each link is someone famous who has no benefit except they are educated un afraid patriots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2RKXE2iAO8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHFizh59Z6A&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkDjJFJHD9w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgZNzrZr3fI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyKR2-A0KPU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMszFf-Y4aI More and more famous people; and the numbers are growing Link are 1300 Architects and Engineers from Harvard, MIT and other important institutions demanding re investigation. http://www.ae911truth.org/ Victims families demanding re investigation; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHIj9wzbYGQ When future civilizations label those men and women as true educated patriots; and will they label all who believe the govt bs 911 story as good slaves to a corrupt system? How will you go down in History?Thank you WTC 7 Penthouse collapsing first then entire 48flr skyscraper free falling in 7 secs; no plane hit and still the roof collapsed first; i thought the fire were in the lower floors; enjoy ; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQdLNWROf_w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ_fFxBB4aY

Do you know the work of Devil pagans in history ? Little tidbits here that God through Jesus, has commanded me to talk about.People may accuse me of being a coward, and hiding behind a computer.That's fine,but I am only doing what God want's me to say. You may pray go God through Jesus to confirm this .The evil people today of all countries,who are pagans, Satanists,Devil and demon worshippers, and even those who practise a syncretic religion along with Christianity (e.g.Voudon) do these horrifying,traumitising things, as portrayed in this movie, called "Borderlands" about the "Matamoros cult" on the Mexico border region. On the Jews of Europe: in the Medieval,Renaissence and Early Modern Eras.Many of them were practising some type of syncretic religion (although many Christian Gentiles) did the same thing . The Jews however,were more evil in this regard (sorry to sound like I am slandering them,I have great Christian good will towards them).The only way to practise a more pagan religion, dedicated to Satan and demons was away from the prying eyes of Christians -especially Catholic Christians was to be a minority group like the Jews,and a few other unmentioned groups.God tolerated this in a way that is understandable, like "Judas who betrayed Jesus",because Judas had to role-play the "bad guy",as Jesus destined him for this role.So their misgivings were tolerated in Europe.But many sad things happened to the Jews there too as a result of this.Anyway, they were up to "no good."The Jews were doing black magic,witchcraft, made pacts with demons.Kabalah was an example of this evil.The type of Judaism they practised was corrupt.They were very unlike their ancestors, during the Temple era in pre-70 A.D. Israel.Most of these Jews in Europe were descendents of Khazars from the medieval kingdom of Khazaria ,who were originally a Turkic people from central Asia.The DNA tests today are fake,and the Devil and demons have obscured the results,or the scientists themselves have made up these results.(This is what Jesus has told me in prayer). Many famous Jews included: Leon Trotsky- a Satanist,one of the architects of the Russian revolutioin and very high up on in the Communist-Bolshevik hierarchy.Another was Karl Marx(A Satanist)- co-founder of the ideas of Communism/Marxist-Socialism.On Baruch Spinoza(who came from a Jewish community in AmsterdamBaruch Spinoza was a Satanist who was possessed by the Devil Himself -not any just any demon ,the actual supreme King of the demons -Satan(the Devil) ,and therefore had all his power as the Devil allowed.).And ,also I state here,the Enlightenment period.It was Satanic and demonic in nature,and not not the will of God (a.k.a. God's will). Jesus has told me that the "Armenian genocide" in World War 1 was God's will (I feel very,very,very,very bad saying this.)The Armenians in the Ottoman empire were actually pagan Devil worshippers-who supposedly practised Christianity as a creed(Armenian Orthodox Church).They were killed off by the Ottoman Muslim Turks, who ironically were God-worshippers, doing the will of God through Jesus Christ. (Think of the "shield of the Trinity" or the "Scutum Fidei in how God works in Islam). The Armenians may be described as the reverse, 360 Jews of the Ottoman empire. I also feel very,very,very,very bad saying this too. The "Holocaust" or Jewish genoncide" was also God's will in [cruel] kind. Seriously, there is a massive "World Jewish Conspiracy" today. This is no shallow,fantasy joke.My head is based in the REAL world.

could some one please convert this into italian? Leonardo Da Vinci was born on the 15th of April 1452 in Vinci, Florence. He died on the 2nd of May 1519 in France, aged 67. He was a famous Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician and inventor. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person to ever live. Leonardo was and is renowned primarily as a painter. His most famous works are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Leonardo is honored for his technology ingenuity. He drew concepts of a tank, a helicopter, a calculator and concentrated solar power. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime but some of his smaller designs, such as an automated bobbin winder for sewing machines and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. thank you in advance!!!!!!

LGBT: What are ten things you want to do before you die? ? Here Is mine: 1.) Have a long and faithful relationship (with a guy:) 2.) Take a motorcycle tour or America 3.) See the world 4.) Become an architect 5.) Never have a five night stand 6.) Live on the beach (doesn't have to be an ocean beach) 7.) "run" up a skyscraper (no elevator for me, and over 100 floors) 8.) Visit 10 famous shipwrecks 9.) Climb a mountain 10.) Be happy and make others happy

wow how does this sound? ok, so for a project i need to learn stuff about brazil.. and my teacher told me that random facts would be cool, because he wants it to be funny. so here are some random facts about Brazil: -the country Brazil, was actually named after the nut, not the other way around. "let's name our country after a nut!!" -160 cars can drive side by side on the Monumental Axis in Brazil, the world's widest road. "wow look at me!! im the 159th car on this road!!" The largest stadium in the world can be found in Rio de Janeiro, it's called Maracaña (need something cute to say here?? anyideas.) On one side of the currency the picture is horizontal, but on the other it's vertical (need something cute to say here?? anyideas.) Brasilia is the capital city of Brazil. It was designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer. And, that is what Oscar Meyer was named after. "let's name our bologna after an architect, because that makes perfect since" Ivo Helcio Jardim de Campos Pitanguy is one of the most famous plastic surgeons in the world. (he lives in Brazil.) "Need a nosejob? It gives you a good reason to come to Brazil!" A symbol of Brazil is a song that was supposively famous in the U.S. too, named “The Girl From Ipanema”. (need something cute to say here?? anyideas.) Looking from above the capital of Brazil, it is shaped like an airplane. (need something cute to say here?? anyideas.) Frank Sinatra did a remake of 'The Girl From Ipanema,' in the fifties or sixties.

Need some help with a job decision? Well I have a small problem with multiple jobs that I want. The two main things I want to be are a lawyer and an architect. I was thinking about being both, but then I would spend almost a decade in college (maybe more) and then have little time for social life (balancing both jobs would be hard enough, but I do like keeping busy). I was thinking of an archaeologist/historian, but other than my love love of history and geography, there is no reason I want those jobs. Lastly, I have this small selfishness to become famous, to write a movie ( which I do have ideas for) and star in a movie. Other than the point of being famous and just seeing a movie I would be interested in, there's no point. So what should I do? I defiantly can't do a little bit of everything. I even thought about being one of those people who "save the world". So I have no idea what to do. I love the idea of being a lawyer (the prosecutor) while at the same time being an architect, designing amazing skyscrapers ( which would take many more years for me to even get that far) Then comes the point of my love of history and geography. Then comes the point of being famous and "saving the world" (by the way I mean by ending poverty in Africa, save the rain forest, trying not to sound like I'm a crazy person who thinks all can be perfect...........) Well ummm, what do you think?

Who is the renowned American architect, author, designer, futurist, inventor and visionary best known for his ? Who is the renowned American architect, author, designer, futurist, inventor and visionary best known for his geodesic domes, which can be seen as part of military radar stations, civic buildings, and exhibition attractions like the Spaceship Earth at Disney World’s Epcot Center in Florida? He was born on July 2, 1895 in Milton, Massachusetts, and spent his youth in Bear Island off the coast of Maine, where he developed a natural propensity for design and construction. Although he had little formal training, his talent and mechanical skills led him to teach at the Black Mountain College in North Carolina in the summers of 1948 and 1949, and serving as its summer institute director in 1949. There with the support of a group of professors and students, he began work on the project that would make him famous, and revolutionized the field of engineering — the lattice shell structure called the geodesic dome.

Should I listen to my friends or stay with my partner? I have two best friends who I know since freshman year of high school. We're 24 now. Both of my them are in serious relationships, getting married soon. I've been a black sheep out of the group. Ever since I broke up with a guy that everyone, but me, loved, I had a terrible luck in men until now.... or so I thought. I started dating my current boyfriend 2.5 months ago. I wasn't crazy about him at first, but he kind of grew on me. He comes from a very good intelligent family. He's very smart, knows a lot about everything, we have a very active relationship that he always keeps it interesting. He says he loves me and has serious intentions about me, he acts like it too. Last weekend we went on a little trip with my friends, 3 couples, and there were a lot of misunderstandings. Apparently he made a very bad impression on my friends and they are really pressuring me to break up with him. They say that he insulted everyone of them, like telling one of my friends that it wasn't fare that she's making us pay for bridesmaids dresses, he pointed my other friend to the water fountain, when she came out of the lake with dirty feet. Someone also heard him making a comment that vodka is for low class people, as their boyfriends were pouring shots. Most importantly they felt like the whole 3 days he was trying to take me away from the group and they thought that he was bossy. My friends say that I have done much better in the past, and they feel that I can do better now. They think that he's not up to my level. I graduated a year ago from a very reputable and famous university, and I'm an architect. He's graduating now, from a State school and works as a nursing assistant for the last 4 years, but he is graduating and has a job lined up in a labor management department in one of the largest hospitals in California.... Their boyfriends are in a corporate world and they think its a much reputable place to be. they kept saying that he brings me down with him and they don't want me to get serious with him. I'm a little upset and confused. I love my friends and I know that they care about me. I also care about my boyfriend, think that he's a good person with a bright future in front of him. I mean he's still in school and makes almost double of what I make in a year, and its not about that, he's very bright in general. But listening to what my friends had to say, i begin to wonder if I had let my standards drop.... Maybe I'm not seeing something they noticed. and I don't know what to do now

Best Friends or boyfriend? Confused? I have two best friends who I know since freshman year of high school. We're 24 now. Both of my them are in serious relationships, getting married soon. I've been a black sheep out of the group. Ever since I broke up with a guy that everyone, but me, loved, I had a terrible luck in men until now.... or so I thought. I started dating my current boyfriend 2.5 months ago. I wasn't crazy about him at first, but he kind of grew on me. He comes from a very good intelligent family. He's very smart, knows a lot about everything, we have a very active relationship that he always keeps it interesting. He says he loves me and has serious intentions about me, he acts like it too. Last weekend we went on a little trip with my friends, 3 couples, and there were a lot of misunderstandings. Apparently he made a very bad impression on my friends and they are really pressuring me to break up with him. They say that he insulted everyone of them, like telling one of my friends that it wasn't fare that she's making us pay for bridesmaids dresses, he pointed my other friend to the water fountain, when she came out of the lake with dirty feet. Someone also heard him making a comment that vodka is for low class people, as their boyfriends were pouring shots. Most importantly they felt like the whole 3 days he was trying to take me away from the group and they thought that he was bossy. My friends say that I have done much better in the past, and they feel that I can do better now. They think that he's not up to my level. I graduated a year ago from a very reputable and famous university, and I'm an architect. He's graduating now, from a State school and works as a nursing assistant for the last 4 years, but he is graduating and has a job lined up in a labor management department in one of the largest hospitals in California.... Their boyfriends are in a corporate world and they think its a much reputable place to be. they kept saying that he brings me down with him and they don't want me to get serious with him. I'm a little upset and confused. I love my friends and I know that they care about me. I also care about my boyfriend, think that he's a good person with a bright future in front of him. I mean he's still in school and makes almost double of what I make in a year, and its not about that, he's very bright in general. But listening to what my friends had to say, i begin to wonder if I had let my standards drop.... Maybe I'm not seeing something they noticed. and I don't know what to do now

Can someone proofread my paper or good with English? Can someone proofread my paper. Thanks ahead of time. People from all over the world are fascinated with the city of Los Angeles. Each year tourists from around the world come to Los Angeles. They come to visit famous landmarks like Grauman’s Chinese Theater, hoping to see where famous movie and television stars have had their handprints, footprints, and signatures in concrete. Tourists also love to drive down Rodeo Drive to go sightseeing or shop at upscale stores like Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and Tiffany & Co., just to name a few. Some people hope to catch a glimpse of someone famous coming out of these stores. On the other hand, there are some people who don’t understand why someone would want to move or live in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is seen as an over-populated city where natural disasters like earthquakes and wildfires happen frequently. Like many other cities, Los Angeles has its advantages and disadvantages that people enjoy like the wonderful weather, diversity, and job opportunities. Living in Los Angeles offers diversity in people, cultures and food. There are all kinds of different ethnicities from around the world that live in Los Angeles. Therefore, there are many different kinds of restaurants that people can choose from. These restaurants can range from P.F. Chang’s to Roscoe’s House of Chicken’n Waffles to In-N-Out Burgers. They can choose to eat Chinese food, Japanese food, Vietnamese food and also American food on different days. There are also many places where people can go to like, Chinatown, Thai Town, and Little Tokyo. This kind of diversity makes living in Los Angeles a great way to experience different cultures. For example, people can at a workplace where there are many employees of different ethnicities and there is a language barrier, so they communicate with each other in different languages besides English. Los Angeles also offers a taste of the different cultures living in this diverse city. There are many job opportunities for people who live in Los Angeles as well. People can work in the Los Angeles County or work for the City. Jobs like clerks, architect, and engineering pay higher salaries with benefits. Los Angeles also offers a variety of jobs in the film and television industry. Therefore, people live and move to L.A. because they are aspire to fulfill their dreams of becoming actors, actresses or broadcasters in Hollywood or Burbank where Walt Disney, Warner Brothers, CNN, and Paramount Studios are located. There are also many shopping centers like malls and outlets around Los Angeles where retail jobs are available. This makes L.A. a good place not only for students to work and go to school at the same time, but also for people who are looking for part-time job or full-time job. Another advantage of living in Los Angeles is the great weather. People like living in Los Angeles because they can go to the beach and the mountains year round. During the winter it does not get too cold, with temperatures dropping down to about 40 degrees at night and sometimes 80 degrees during the day. For example, people can go to Snow Summit at Big Bear Mountain to play in the snow, go snowboarding or skiing and the next day they can go to the beach. During the summer time it can get pretty hot with temperatures in the mid 90’s to the low 100’s. For example, people can go outside to the beach, go to a park to have a picnic or go to water parks like Raging Waters and Hurricane Harbor. Although, due to Los Angeles lack of rain, there are fire-warning alerts throughout the hottest time of the year. The fires can occur along hillsides, mountains, and very dry brush areas where the heat of the sun or a cigarette can ignite a wildfire. Although, one can find oneself getting around L.A. is not always easy. Traffic in and around the city can be a disadvantage. The freeways do not always move as smoothly as they can. Rush hour traffic can be daunting and frustrating especially if one had to drive through it. Los Angeles is home to some of the busiest freeways in the country. With gas prices rising and with no end in sight, people are finding different ways to get from point A to point B. For instance, people are trying to carpool or ride the bus or the Metro in order to get to work and around the city. Some families only drive their cars on the weekends to go on family outings. Another disadvantage of living in Los Angeles is the cost of living. Many people cannot afford to buy a home because the rising housing market prices. For example, a house with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms can be very expensive depending on the area. This is why many people cannot afford to buy a house at this time. If they cannot afford to pay for it, the bank takes it back. This is the reason why there are a lot of foreclosed homes because homeowners are not able to pay their mortgage. Rent is also on the rise in L.A. An apartment can rent for a few thousand dollars monthly for a 2 bedroom and 1 bath apartment. Therefore, it is really hard for people to maintain a comfortable living in Los Angeles with the rising cost of living. Finally, the crime rate in Los Angeles is also pretty high. This is true of many cities but Los Angeles is home to many gangs. Gang violence and homicides happen at an alarming rate and unfortunately innocent people are killed because rival gang members shoot at each other. It is not only homicides that occur, but also robbery that happen everyday in the Los Angeles area. Despite all the disadvantages, I continue living in Los Angeles. I like being a part of the melting pot that Los Angeles has to offer. I like having friends of different ethnicities as we go out to different restaurants because I get to taste different foods and learn more about their cultures. I also love the summer weather in Los Angeles because I can go to the beach to play some beach volleyball. Although, I do get frustrated with running into traffic, the cost of living and the crime rate. It helps that I have a strong bond with my family and friends around the Los Angeles area.

Help art history plzzz? 1. Over how many years did the Romans become the masters of the Mediterranean world? 100 years 200 years 300 years 400 years 2. Impressed by the wealth, culture, and beauty of the Greek cities, who brought back art in all media to Rome? Explorers Artists Architects Generals 3. Educated and wealthy Romans developed a taste for works of art that emulated Greek culture. What was done to meet this demand? Marble and bronze copies of famous Greek statues were made All the original art was stolen from Greece Paintings of Greek sculpture were created Nothing was done 4. Which medium is stronger, bronze or marble? Marble Bronze They are of equal strength They are both considered very weak mediums 5. By the end of the __________ century, the demand for copies of Greek statues was enormous. Second Third Fourth Fifth 6. Which of the below represents where marble and bronze statuary were displayed? In homes Public monuments Public baths All of the above 7. Most ancient bronze statues were _________________. Melted down to reuse the valuable metal Well-preserved and available for view today Lost Both a and c 8. _____________________ often provide our primary visual evidence of masterpieces by famous Greek sculptures. Roman copies in marble and bronze Photographs The originals themselves Etruscan copies in marble and bronze 9. Which museum has several examples of Greco-Roman sculpture on display? The Louvre The Tate The Vatican Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art 10. What modern laws might the Romans have been guilty of breaking by creating exact copies of Greek sculpture? Murder Slander Plagiarism None of the above

can you help me with these questions best answer for first correct respons? This remarkable Swiss mathematician and teacher was responsible for instituting the use of the symbol for pi in mathematical notation. 2. The Islamic scientist/mathematician AL-Khowarizmi is credited with coining the word__________. His book, written in 825 AD, demonstrated how to solve equations and became widely popular throughout the world. 3. This 17th century English mathematician wrote two famous books on mathematics: The Artihmetica and The Algebra. He invented the term interpolation and created a celebrated formula for determining the value of pi. 4. __________ numerals are the most common system of number notation used in today’s world. 5. What extraordinary Indian mathematician created a formula to rapidly calculate the value of pi? He was fascinated with infinity. 6. What popular graphical artist uses mathematical principles such as mobius strips, knots,optical illusions and transformations in his work? 7. This 19th century French mathematician did very innovative work with equations and quadratic forms. He correspondended at length with other mathematicians and often contributed to their work. His work with transcendental numbers was the foundation for later proof of the transcendence of pi. 8. This swings back and forth, measures time, and is prominantly featured in a grizzly short story by Edgar Allen Poe. 9. What English mathematician published the first book evaluating pi? 10. This is another word for code and is a way to transform text in order to conceal meaning. 11. This ancient Greek mathematician estimated the most accurate calculation of pi of his times. 12. This African American mathematician and astronomer helped to survey Washington DC and is noted for his correspondence with Jefferson regarding the morality of slavery. 13. What chapter of the Bible includes an allusion to pi? 14. What early American Indians invented the zero long before it was introduced to Europe. This allowed them to make complex calculations. 15. The evolution of this thechnological invention allows us to calculate the value of pi to 500 million places? 16. These endlessly generating patterns are the geometry of nature. 17. This French mathematician penned The Elements de Geometrie in 1794, in which he clarified much of Euclid’s work. One of its highlights is the proof of the irrationality of pi. This book became the textbook on geometry for over a hundred years. 18. Pi was featured as a key plot element during an episode of this popular science fiction show. The very savvy Vulcan science officer used the calculatation of pi to crash the computer. 19. What celebrated architect called his designs "the destruction of the box," and reorganized spatial designs to suggest the third dimension? 20. What Chinese mathematician computed the value of pi to 3.14159 by the 3rd century ? 21. A ___________is the term for a hypercube (four- dimensional analogue of a cube). This concept was featured in the whimsical book A Wrinkle in Time. 22. The Egyptians came up with the valu of pi based on their formula for what geometric shape? 23. This concept of balanced form exists in art, architecture, science, nature and mathematics. 24. This German mathematician is famous for his proof that pi is a transcendental number. 25. These popular Chinese puzzles are fun to create. TERMS TO CHOOSE: Algebra Arabic Archimedes Banneker Cipher Circle Computer Escher Euler Fractals Hermite Kings Legendre Lindemann Liu Hui Maya Pendulum Ramanujan Shanks Star Trek Symmetry Tangrams Tesseract Wallis Wright

Can You Find The Answers To The Pi Trivia Game? Just answer the questions using the word bank! ;) 1. This remarkable Swiss mathematician and teacher was responsible for instituting the use of the symbol for pi in mathematical notation. 2. The Islamic scientist/mathematician AL-Khowarizmi is credited with coining the word__________. His book, written in 825 AD, demonstrated how to solve equations and became widely popular throughout the world. 3. This 17th century English mathematician wrote two famous books on mathematics: The Artihmetica and The Algebra. He invented the term interpolation and created a celebrated formula for determining the value of pi. 4. __________ numerals are the most common system of number notation used in today’s world. 5. What extraordinary Indian mathematician created a formula to rapidly calculate the value of pi? He was fascinated with infinity. 6. What popular graphical artist uses mathematical principles such as mobius strips, knots,optical illusions and transformations in his work? 7. This 19th century French mathematician did very innovative work with equations and quadratic forms. He correspondended at length with other mathematicians and often contributed to their work. His work with transcendental numbers was the foundation for later proof of the transcendence of pi. 8. This swings back and forth, measures time, and is prominantly featured in a grizzly short story by Edgar Allen Poe. 9. What English mathematician published the first book evaluating pi? 10. This is another word for code and is a way to transform text in order to conceal meaning. 11. This ancient Greek mathematician estimated the most accurate calculation of pi of his times. 12. This African American mathematician and astronomer helped to survey Washington DC and is noted for his correspondence with Jefferson regarding the morality of slavery. 13. What chapter of the Bible includes an allusion to pi? 14. What early American Indians invented the zero long before it was introduced to Europe. This allowed them to make complex calculations. 15. The evolution of this thechnological invention allows us to calculate the value of pi to 500 million places? 16. These endlessly generating patterns are the geometry of nature. 17. This French mathematician penned The Elements de Geometrie in 1794, in which he clarified much of Euclid’s work. One of its highlights is the proof of the irrationality of pi. This book became the textbook on geometry for over a hundred years. 18. Pi was featured as a key plot element during an episode of this popular science fiction show. The very savvy Vulcan science officer used the calculatation of pi to crash the computer. 19. What celebrated architect called his designs "the destruction of the box," and reorganized spatial designs to suggest the third dimension? 20. What Chinese mathematician computed the value of pi to 3.14159 by the 3rd century ? 21. A ___________is the term for a hypercube (four- dimensional analogue of a cube). This concept was featured in the whimsical book A Wrinkle in Time. 22. The Egyptians came up with the valu of pi based on their formula for what geometric shape? 23. This concept of balanced form exists in art, architecture, science, nature and mathematics. 24. This German mathematician is famous for his proof that pi is a transcendental number. 25. These popular Chinese puzzles are fun to create. TERMS TO CHOOSE: Algebra Arabic Archimedes Banneker Cipher Circle Computer Escher Euler Fractals Hermite Kings Legendre Lindemann Liu Hui Maya Pendulum Ramanujan Shanks Star Trek Symmetry Tangrams Tesseract Wallis Wright

Would you rather eat? At McDonalds with a supermodel At Wendy's with an architect At Burger King with a business person At Taco Bell with a famous baseball player or At Subway with the rest of the world

history help PLEASEEE!!? 1. Which of the following was a cause of the Renaissance? A) The beginning of the Black Death in Europe. B) Increased trade with countries throughout the world after the Crusades. C) A resurgence in the influence of the Catholic Church. D) A revival of the style of art practiced during the Middle Ages. 2. Which of the following statements best describes the importance of Italian city-states to the Renaissance? A) Knowledge of arts increased as nobles and merchants sought to display their new wealth. B) The Catholic Church, dominant in the city-states, published the first Bible. C) Italian shipbuilders brought paintings and sculpture back from China and India. D) As agricultural centers, city-states produced an abundance of crops, and sold them to foreign markets. 3. One new method Renaissance artists used to represent the natural world accurately in their paintings was A) vernacular. B) impressionism. C) perspective. D) symbolism. 4. Which of the following is famous for creating the statues of David and Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? A) Ignatius of Loyola B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) William Shakespeare 5. Humanism was influenced by interest in A) Greek and Roman culture. B) Catholic doctrines. C) Buddhist philosophy. D) scientific writings. 6. Which of the following became the architect of Rome and designed St. Peter’s Basilica? A) Raffaello Sanzio B) Donato Bramante C) Michelangelo Buonarroti D) Leonardo da Vinci 7. In what way did Renaissance art differ from art in the Middle Ages? A) It was highly stylized and abstract in representing the world. B) It focused primarily on representation of religious figures and scenes. C) It used symbols to represent the natural world. D) It emphasized the human qualities and character of its subjects. 8. Which of the following Renaissance figures advanced the idea that the end justifies the means? A) Christine de Pisan B) Baldassare Castiglione C) Niccolo Machiavelli D) Donato Bramante 9. One idea that centered on things of the world rather than spiritual ideals was known as what kind of approach? A) Secular B) Devotional C) Symbolic D) Classical 10. Who had a great influence on the Renaissance period? A) English nobles who encouraged their children to study with artists in Italy. B) French diplomats who commissioned paintings from Italian artists. C) Greek scholars who came to Italy to escape the Ottomans. D) Asian rulers who wanted to see their style of art integrated into the Renaissance style.

History questions! NEED HELP ASAP*? 1. Why did the Renaissance happen in Northern Italy? (Points: 1) In Italy, the Roman Catholic Church was gaining power. International trade routes were blocked. Italy traded with the Byzantine Empire and Islamic world The region moved away from the feudal system, creating wealth. 2. Why was trade important to the Renaissance movement? (Points: 1) It allowed new types of painting materials to arrive in Italy. It helped people get jobs. It made the merchant class wealthy enough to support the arts. It paved the way for peace treaties throughout Europe. 3. How did Renaissance scholarship differ from that of previous eras? (Points: 1) It disregarded ancient texts and ideas. It had less to do with religion. It was more based on religion. It was more secular. 4. What activity did humanists believe made good citizens? (Points: 1) Jogging Praying Sailing Studying 5. What Renaissance painting technique creates the illusion of depth? (Points: 1) 3D-rendering Oil paints Perspective The use of mirrors 6. Which is one of Leonardo da Vinci's most famous paintings? (Points: 1) The Mona Lisa The Pieta The School of Athens The Sistine Chapel 7. How did art change in the Renaissance? (Points: 1) It became more Machiavellian. It became much less secular. People became more the focus of art. Religion became more important in art. 8. How was Northern Italy different from Southern Italy at the beginning of the Renaissance? (Points: 1) Northern Italy was closed to foreign trade. Northern Italy was crippled by the plague. Northern Italy had formed city-states, and Southern Italy had not. Northern Italy was ruled by a single king, and Southern Italy was not. 9. Which was one of Machiavelli's main arguments in The Prince? (Points: 1) Democracy produces few good leaders. Good leaders should always seek the advice of the people before acting. Good leaders sometimes have to be cruel for the overall good of their society. All of the above are correct. 10. What changes did the Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo make to St. Peter's Basilica? (Points: 1) He created a new floor plan. He designed an enormous dome for the building. He painted the outside of the building. He renovated St. Peter's Tomb.

Is this an accurate description of Spain? I know its quite long, read what you can and tell me if im wrong about anything, any of the facts or anything.. Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe. Spain is the world's 51st-largest country and its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea. Mainland Spain is dominated by high plateaus and mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada. Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain, with a population of 5,883,521. Spain is the second largest country in Western Europe after France. It is a developed country with the eighth largest economy in the world based on nominal GDP. The currency of Spain is the Euro. According to the World Bank, Spain's economy is the eighth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in Europe. The unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire. Spain was Europe's leading power throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century. A position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions. Spain is quite famous for its three year civil war, from 1936 to 1939. Spain aims to put 1 million electric cars on the road by 2014 as part of the government’s plan to save energy and boost energy efficiency. Right now Subways are a very common way of traveling as well as cars and bikes. Public schools in Spain are often Catholic parochial schools supported by the state. Common jobs in Spain are hotel occupations, catering and working in wineries. About 76% of Spaniards identify themselves as Catholics. Spain is known for its culturally diverse heritage, having been influenced by many nations and peoples throughout its history. Spanish art is an important and influential type of art in Europe. Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep Mediterranean roots. Sport in Spain has been dominated by football (soccer) since the early 20th century. The city of Barcelona is the second largest of Spain and it is consisted the best city in the world. Barcelona is now the European city of the Peace and Design. A tourist attraction in Barcelona is a Giant Temple designed by the master architect Antonio Gaudi. A museum in Barcelona has arranged Picasso's paintings in chronological order from his early days to his final works. Spain has been the second most visited country of the world after France. Spain's tourism spending annually is over $46 Billion. Running with the bulls in Pamplona at Fiestas de San Fermin is one of the most talked about tourist attractions. Spain is the second most mountainous country of Europe. It is full of high mountains and good ski resorts, with famous ski slopes all over Spain.

Being an artist(drawing) as an ambition? Izzit tht bad? Not a very bright future? I am really obsess with arts since when I am standard 6. My parents said tht I will regret for the rest of my life if I didn't take their advise on taking art as a leisure & not as an ambition. Anyway, I told myself tht I will regret for sure if I didn't give it a try..There lots of elderly senior whom love arts said they try to hooked up on their ambition as long as they can but it juz wouldn't work cuz they can't survive any longer as in financially. Some said u will hv wait for 20 to 30years or so to be famous in the art industrial. Some said the drawing of an artist only being well known to the world once they are dead. IS THIS TRUE??? I hv a hard time to cope up with the real world. This is juz driving me insane!!! My eldest sis I should go for architect instead of art but I wouldn't want to design any building & measure..etc. I should draw wht I feel.. So, she came up with plan B. She pursued me to find another currier tht I like+high salary..So i chose to be a psycology since.. continue...... continue...... ......I always do hv a bad relatonships with others....So, I do wanna know more abt human behaviour. O...ya...her plan B was to take both. She said being a psycologist is juz a back up plan. She told me to take a morning course for psycology & on the other hand, take a night course for arts.... but wouldn't tht be making me to hv a split of heart??? I might juz can't handle it to take both occupation at once! This juz might wouldn't work! Btw, should I go for art school or "Raffles school of Psycology"??? Which one should I choose to go to? I hv like 2 weeks or so to decide....& I am waitting for my exams result.... I am a lost gurl....pls help me....I desparately need a helping hand now........

Famous political activist Dick Gregory goes on hunger strike. Thoughts? http://www.infowars.com/dick-gregory-announces-hunger-strike-for-911-truth/ It was so painful for me as my wife Lil and I watched the events of September 11, 2001 on television. Seeing a plane hit the World Trade Center (WTC) North Tower at 8:46, then a second plane hit the South Tower at 9:02. Shortly, we saw the firefighters and other first responders courageously going into the buildings hoping to extinguish the fires, but it was impossible to foresee what followed. Then we watched in shock as nearly a dozen people were jumping from the upper floors to their deaths. We felt profound horror at 9:59 as the South Tower cascaded in freefall into its own footprint, and then 29 minutes later when the North Tower came down in the same impossible freefall way. The new forensic evidence which is being released today by Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth demonstrates the presence of controlled demolition materiel in the World Trade Center buildings One and Two. Just one week after September 11, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Christine Todd Whitman declared “I am glad to reassure the people of New York and Washington DC that their air is safe to breathe and their water is safe to drink” and that we “. . . need not be concerned about environmental issues as [we return to [our] homes and workplaces”. Yet to this day, at least 900 first responders have since died as a result of the effects of toxic “dust” from the buildings and the some 3,000 human remains that enveloped lower Manhattan and which Mayor Rudolph Giuliani declared “We must clear the rubble”. This “rubble” in fact constituted evidence from a massive crime scene, but was hauled away, first to Long Island, and then was eventually placed on barges and shipped to China. One thing I know is that the official government story of those events, as well as what took place that day at the Pentagon, is just that, a story. This story is not the truth, but far from it. I was born on October 12, 1932. I am announcing today that I will be consuming only liquids beginning Sunday until my eightieth birthday in 2012 and until the real truth of what truly happened on that day emerges and is publicly known.

boone high school report? When once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return. When you think Leonardo da Vinci you think extraordinary. Leonardo has done amazing things. An amazing painter , engineer, scientist, inventor, architect, inventor, musician, and talented in many more ways. Leonardo was born during the renaissance. To a Messier Piero Frusono Di Antonia da Vinci & a peasant girl named Caterina Very little is known about Da Vinci’s child hood. There are only two recordings of da Vinci’s childhood one was when that a kite flew out of nowhere and hovered over his cradle. The second incident was when he was exploring and came upon a cave which he was scared of but curiosity made him want to go in towards the cave. The first auctioned painting was when a customer of Da Vinci’s father asked Da Vinci junior to draw a picture for him. It was a picture of a snake spitting fire it was a terrified the arts dealer. The picture was still sold at an Florentine art dealer. pg 2 The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, helicopter, hang glider. All these reasons are what make Leonardo so famous. It al starts back to when he started working in Verrocchocio’s workshop. He was Verrocchoi’s apprentice in this workshop at this time. In the workshop they made tournaments shields, painted dowry chest, christening platters, plaster casting, plaques, ans small portraits. In this workshop he also focused on drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather casting, mechanics, and carpentry. A well known drawing by Verrocchio’s & Leonardo is the “Baptism of Christ.” Well known for his Mona Lisa which is now worth over 100 million US dollars. This painting has led to many wonders. Like why is she smiling, why is it a half smile, was this a real lady? Who is this lady in the painting? The lady in this painting is a woman named Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo. The last Supper has many Speculations to this day also. I do think that Da Vinci had his secrets hidden in those pictures. When I think of Da Vinci’s artwork the first thing that comes to mind for me is the Ventruvian Man. Also well known as an engineer da Vinci had many inventions in his journal. Early inventions of the helicopter, tank, concentrated solar power, calculator. In the field of science he was extraordinary Meanwhile very good at anatomy(was proven to fry eyeballs, had early plans for a robot.) Optics, hydrodynamics. Leonardo born April 15, 1452 through May 2, 1519. pg 3 Leonardo da Vinci lived during the renaissance era. A time of coming out of the dark age. Where people began to question everything. Da Vinci has made an influence on the world in many ways. I think his techniques of art have shaped art today. From how he used light to what background to use. The realistic painting that he brings to the table were amazing and inspired many more people to came. Many artist still use his form of art . His inventions still exist in modern society. Has a strong influence on the military of the world. Sketches of pre tanks and machine guns which the military use now. So I know now that the past is defending the present and future. Even though Leonardo despised war he worked as a engineer of war. His biggest influence is still in the art world. He had specific rules which started a guideline called “Aerial Perspective.” WEBSITES http://www.geologia.com/english/fi2004/2004_leonardo.html http://www.history.com/shows.do?episodeId=191779&action=detail http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_vinci Lil facts $ Was left handed. $ Usually doesn’t finish most projects. $ court painter to King Louis XII of France.

Why Frank Lloyd Wright? Why is Frank Lloyd Wright one of the most famous architects in the world? Why is his fallingwater that famous? I dont know, i just dont see anything really special in his works that just makes him different than any other architects. May be i am wrong.. any info? Thanks

Ronald Reagan believed in the Pillars of Freedom; do they still apply to today? FOUR PILLARS OF FREEDOM Individual Liberty As President, Ronald Reagan believed that every person must be respected for his or her unique and undeniable value, and he worked to build a nation where advancement and success are based primarily on one’s individual ability and effort. Through his program of "new federalism," President Reagan restored decision-making power to states and communities—thus granting more direct authority to American citizens—and ushering in a new era of limited government. Economic Opportunity Elected in 1980 as the first conservative U.S. president in over 50 years, Ronald Reagan introduced domestic policies that encouraged free market principles. His programs demonstrated that the engine of prosperity would be fueled by the empowered and not the entitled. By the end of President Reagan’s two terms, the United States was fully engaged in the longest period of uninterrupted peacetime growth and prosperity in her history. Global Democracy President Reagan was a chief architect of the end of the Cold War. Under a policy he called "Peace Through Strength," President Reagan achieved his goal by building up America’s defense, reinvigorating morale within the armed services, and clearly defining the struggle against communism in terms of good and evil. President Reagan championed a re-armed and strong military and introduced the concept of the Strategic Defense Initiative—a space-based missile defense shield—now being pursued by the Bush administration. In 1987, President Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev signed the historic treaty on Intermediate Nuclear Forces which for the first time reduced the number of weapons deployed. It was at this summit that President Reagan introduced the famous phrasing of an old Russian proverb, "trust but verify." National Pride After years of economic hardship and a troubling loss of American prestige around the world—including the taking of American hostages in Iran—voters swept Ronald Reagan into the presidency in 1980 in a landslide, 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter.

ENGLISH 10 point!!!!!!i will vote best answer? 1)The summary that best describes the exposition of "The Lottery" is: -It was a bright summer morning in June with the flowers blossoming. The people who lived in the village, a group of about 300, were gathering in the village square. Adults chatted about planting, rain, tractors and taxes, and children soon lost their summer shyness and began teasing and picking on each other. -Mr. Summers and the villagers did not like upsetting tradition. The black box represented tradition. The black box grew shabbier each year and stood badly splintered along one side on top of the stool in the village square, the original wood color painted and peeling. Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves kept the black box locked in the safe of Mr. Summer's coal company the night before the lottery. However, during the year, the black box could be kept anywhere: at the post office, in Mr. Graves's barn, or on a shelf in the grocery store. -Tessie Hutchinson was stoned to death by the very people who called her mother, wife and friend. -Tessie Hutchinson stood in the center of the cleared space as the villagers moved towards her. She screamed about the unfairness of the lottery, as her friends and family members threw stones at her. 2)The best description of the setting of "I Have a Dream" is: -Martin Luther King, Jr. describes the people who went on a quest for freedom through Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana and who had come fresh from jail cells for their civil rights activism. -Martin Luther King, Jr. discusses Alabama and George Wallace, the governor, having "his lips dripping with the words of 'interposition' and 'nullification.'" -Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. 250,000 civil rights activists shouted encouragement to Dr. King for his inspirational message that created hope in the hearts of the listeners. -Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered "I Have a Dream" in 1963 to discuss the injustice of racism and the inequality of prosperity. 3)The main conflict in the radio drama The War of the Worlds is: -the military attacking the aliens -an alien invasion on earth -the credibility of the radio drama that caused listeners to believe the invasion -the hysteria scandal caused by Orson Welles and his broadcast 4)An example of external conflict in "I Have a Dream" is: -"Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends." -"But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt." -"Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force." -"One hundred years later, the life of the ***** is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination." 5)"When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." This conflict is an example of: -person versus person -person versus self -person versus nature -person versus society 6)"We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back." Choose all appropriate boxes that this characterization description represents. -what the character says -what the character does -what the character thinks and feels -both a and c

who is the most famous architect in the world?

Being an artist(drawing) as an ambition? Izzit tht bad? Not a very bright future? I am really obsess with arts since when I am standard 6. My parents said tht I will regret for the rest of my life if I didn't take their advise on taking art as a leisure & not as an ambition. Anyway, I told myself tht I will regret for sure if I didn't give it a try..There lots of elderly senior whom love arts said they try to hooked up on their ambition as long as they can but it juz wouldn't work cuz they can't survive any longer as in financially. Some said u will hv wait for 20 to 30years or so to be famous in the art industrial. Some said the drawing of an artist only being well known to the world once they are dead. IS THIS TRUE??? I hv a hard time to cope up with the real world. This is juz driving me insane!!! My eldest sis I should go for architect instead of art but I wouldn't want to design any building & measure..etc. I should draw wht I feel.. So, she came up with plan B. She pursued me to find another currier tht I like+high salary..So i chose to be a psycology since.. ......I always do hv a bad relatonships with others....So, I do wanna know more abt human behaviour. O...ya...her plan B was to take both. She said being a psycologist is juz a back up plan. She told me to take a morning course for psycology & on the other hand, take a night course for arts.... but wouldn't tht be making me to hv a split of heart??? I might juz can't handle it to take both occupation at once! This juz might wouldn't work! Btw, should I go for art school or "Raffles school of Psycology"??? Which one should I choose to go to? I hv like 2 weeks or so to decide....& I am waitting for my exams result.... I am a lost gurl....pls help me....I desparately need a helping hand now........ Maybe its annoying to see people like me to post the same for 2 to 3 times or so but i really need more advice.....especially from the elderly senior.......... My future depends on ur advice a lot.....So , i feel really depressed now...My time for consideration on the pathway which choose to go is limited! (I meant abt which kinda school should I go to tht i edi mention above.)

Who would like to check some of these out? Advertisement 21 candidates for new Wonders of World list 18/11/2006 7:39:00 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Printer-friendly page GENEVA, Switzerland (AP) - Here are descriptions of the 21 candidates in the "New 7 Wonders of the World" competition. The public may vote at www.new7wonders.com. Acropolis, Greece: A million people come here each year to see the marble temples - including the ruins of the columned Parthenon - and statues of Greek gods and goddesses dating from the fifth century BC. Alhambra, Spain: The palace and citadel, perched above Granada, was the residence of the Moorish caliphs who governed southern Spain in splendour until 1492, when the city was conquered by the Christian forces of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, ending 800 years of Muslim rule. Stunning features include mosaics, arabesques and mocarabe, or honeycomb work. Angkor, Cambodia: The archeological site in Siem Reap was the capital of the Khmer (Cambodian) empire from the ninth to 15th centuries. It served as administrative centre and place of worship for a prosperous kingdom that stretched from Vietnam to China and the Bay of Bengal. The 12th-century ruins include Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom. Christ Redeemer Statue, Brazil: The 38-metre statue of Christ the Redeemer with outstretched arms overlooks Rio de Janeiro from atop Mount Corcovado. The statue was built in pieces in France starting in 1926, and shipped to Brazil. A railway carried it up the 714-metre mountain for the 1931 inauguration. Colosseum, Italy: The 50,000-seat amphitheatre in Rome was inaugurated in AD 80. Thousands of gladiators duelled to the death here, and Christians were fed to the lions. The arena has influenced the design of modern stadiums. Easter Island, Chile: Hundreds of massive stone busts, or Moais, are all that remains from the prehistoric Rapanui culture that crafted them between 400 and 1,000 years ago to represent deceased ancestors. Some statues are over 20 metres tall. They gaze out on the south Pacific Ocean more than 1,600 kilometres off the Chilean mainland. Eiffel Tower, France: The 300-metre tower, built in 1889 for the International Exposition, symbolizes Paris. Made almost entirely of open-lattice wrought iron and erected in only two years with a small labour force, the tower - Paris's tallest structure - demonstrated advances in construction techniques, but some initially criticized it as unesthetic. Great Wall of China: The 6,700 kilometre barricade running from east to west is the world's longest manmade structure. The fortification was built to protect various dynasties from invasion by Huns, Mongols, Turks and other nomadic tribes. Construction took place over hundreds of years, beginning in the seventh century BC. Hagia Sophia, Turkey: The soaring cathedral, also called the Church of Holy Wisdom, was built in 537 BC at Constantinople, today's Istanbul. In 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans, it became a mosque with minarets. When Turkish President Kemal Ataturk turned it into a museum in 1935, Christian mosaics covered up by the Muslims were revealed. Kiyomizu Temple, Japan: Kyoto's Kiyomizu-dera, which means Clear Water Temple, was founded by a Buddhist sect in 798 and rebuilt in 1633 after a fire. Drinking from its three-stream waterfall is believed to confer health, longevity and success. Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral, Russia: Onion domes with golden cupolas surrounded by red brick walls are at the heart of Moscow's Kremlin, a medieval fortress converted into the centre of Russian government. The Kremlin once symbolized Soviet communism. The Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed on adjacent Red Square features nine towers of different colours. It was built by Czar Ivan the Terrible in the mid-16th century. Machu Picchu, Peru: Built by the Incan Empire in the 15th century, Machu Picchu's walls, palaces, temples and dwellings are perched in the clouds at 2,400 metres above sea level in the Andes overlooking a lush valley 500 kilometres from Lima. Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany: The inspiration for the Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland, Neuschwanstein is a creation of "Mad King" Ludwig II of Bavaria, who had it built in the 19th century to indulge his romantic fancies. Perched on a peak in the Bavarian Alps, the grey granite castle rises to towers, turrets and pinnacles and contains many paintings with scenes from Richard Wagner operas admired by Ludwig. Petra, Jordan: This ancient city in southwestern Jordan, built on a terrace around the Wadi Musa or Valley of Moses, was the capital of the Arab kingdom of the Nabateans, a centre of caravan trade, and continued to flourish under Roman rule after the Nabateans' defeat in AD 106. The city is famous for water tunnels and stone structures carved in the rock, including Ad-Dayr, "the Monastery," an uncompleted tomb facade that served as a church during Byzantine times. Pyramid at Chichen Itza, Mexico: This step pyramid surmounted by a temple was part of a sacred site in an important Mayan centre on Mexico's Yucatan peninsula. It is built according to the solar calendar. Shadows at the fall and spring equinoxes are said to look like a snake crawling down the steps, similar to the carved serpent at the top. An older pyramid inside features a jade-studded, red jaguar throne. Pyramids of Giza, Egypt: The only surviving structures of the original seven wonders, the three pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs 4,500 years ago. Nearby is the Great Sphinx statue, with a man's face and a lion's body. Statue of Liberty, New York: The 93-metre statue in New York Harbor has welcomed immigrants and symbolized freedom since 1886, when it was dedicated as a gift of the French government. Stonehenge, Britain: How and why this circular monument of massive rocks was created between 3,000 and 1,600 BC is unknown, but some experts say the stones were aligned as part of a sun-worshipping culture or astronomical calendar. Today it is a major tourist attraction. Druids and New Age followers gather here every June 21 to celebrate summer solstice. Sydney Opera House, Australia: Situated on Bennelong Point reaching into Sydney's harbour, the opera house was designed by Danish architect Jorn Utzon and opened in 1973 by Queen Elizabeth. Its roof resembles a ship in full sail and is covered by over one million white tiles. The building has 1,000 rooms. Taj Mahal, India: The white marble-domed mausoleum in Agra was built by a 17th-century Mogul emperor for his favourite wife, who died in childbirth. The architecture combines Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. The complex houses the graves of the emperor, his wife, and other royalty. Timbuktu, Mali: Two of West Africa's oldest mosques, the Djingareyber, or Great Mosque, and the Sankore mosque built during the 14th and early 15th centuries, can still be seen here in the northern Sahara Desert. Founded about AD 1,100, Timbuktu was a flourishing caravan centre in the Arabic world and a leading spiritual and intellectual centre in the 15th and 16th centuries, with one of the world's first universities. It is a bit long... My appologies, but there are some interesting sights. P.S. I got the info off MSN.

Jews of Iraq? What about them? Of course I thought I knew it all back then. I was young, idealistic, and more than willing to put my life at risk for my convictions. It was 1947 and I wasn't quite 18 when the Iraqi authorities caught me for smuggling young Iraqi Jews like myself out of Iraq, into Iran, and then on to the Promised Land of the soon-to-be established Israel. I was an Iraqi Jew in the Zionist underground. My Iraqi jailers did everything they could to extract the names of my co-conspirators. Fifty years later, pain still throbs in my right toe-a reminder of the day my captors used pliers to remove my toenails. On another occasion, they hauled me to the flat roof of the prison, stripped me bare on a frigid January day, then threw a bucket of cold water over me. I was left there, chained to the railing, for hours. But I never once considered giving them the information they wanted. I was a true believer. My preoccupation during what I refer to as my "two years in hell" was with survival and escape. I had no interest then in the broad sweep of Jewish history in Iraq even though my family had been part of it right from the beginning. We were originally Haroons, a large and important family of the "Babylonian Diaspora." My ancestors had settled in Iraq more than 2,600 years ago-600 years before Christianity, and 1,200 years before Islam. I am descended from Jews who built the tomb of Yehezkel, a Jewish prophet of pre-biblical times. My town, where I was born in 1929, is Hillah, not far from the ancient site of Babylon. The original Jews found Babylon, with its nourishing Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to be truly a land of milk, honey, abundance-and opportunity. Although Jews, like other minorities in what became Iraq, experienced periods of oppression and discrimination depending on the rulers of the period, their general trajectory over two and one-half millennia was upward. Under the late Ottoman rule, for example, Jewish social and religious institutions, schools, and medical facilities flourished without outside interference, and Jews were prominent in government and business. As I sat there in my cell, unaware that a death sentence soon would be handed down against me, I could not have recounted any personal grievances that my family members would have lodged against the government or the Muslim majority. Our family had been treated well and had prospered, first as farmers with some 50,000 acres devoted to rice, dates and Arab horses. Then, with the Ottomans, we bought and purified gold that was shipped to Istanbul and turned into coinage. The Turks were responsible in fact for changing our name to reflect our occupation-we became Khalaschi, meaning "Makers of Pure." I did not volunteer the information to my father that I had joined the Zionist underground. He found out several months before I was arrested when he saw me writing Hebrew and using words and expressions unfamiliar to him. He was even more surprised to learn that, yes, I had decided I would soon move to Israel myself. He was scornful. "You'll come back with your tail between your legs," he predicted. About 125,000 Jews left Iraq for Israel in the late 1940s and into 1952, most because they had been lied to and put into a panic by what I came to learn were Zionist bombs. But my mother and father were among the 6,000 who did not go to Israel. Although physically I never did return to Iraq-that bridge had been burned in any event-my heart has made the journey there many, many times. My father had it right. I was imprisoned at the military camp of Abu-Greib, about 7 miles from Baghdad. When the military court handed down my sentence of death by hanging, I had nothing to lose by attempting the escape I had been planning for many months. It was a strange recipe for an escape: a dab of butter, an orange peel, and some army clothing that I had asked a friend to buy for me at a flea market. I deliberately ate as much bread as I could to put on fat in anticipation of the day I became 18, when they could formally charge me with a crime and attach the 50-pound ball and chain that was standard prisoner issue. Later, after my leg had been shackled, I went on a starvation diet that often left me weak-kneed. The pat of butter was to lubricate my leg in preparation for extricating it from the metal band. The orange peel I surreptitiously stuck into the lock on the night of my planned escape, having studied how it could be placed in such a way as to keep the lock from closing. As the jailers turned to go after locking up, I put on the old army issue that was indistinguishable from what they were wearing-a long, green coat and a stocking cap that I pulled down over much of my face (it was winter). Then I just quietly opened the door and joined the departing group of soldiers as they strode down the hall and outside, and I offered a "good night" to the shift guard as I left. A friend with a car was waiting to speed me away. Later I made my way to the new state of Israel, arriving in May, 1950. My passport had my name in Arabic and English, but the English couldn't capture the "kh" sound, so it was rendered simply as Klaski. At the border, the immigration people applied the English version, which had an Eastern European, Ashkenazi ring to it. In one way, this "mistake" was my key to discovering very soon just how the Israeli caste system worked. They asked me where I wanted to go and what I wanted to do. I was the son of a farmer; I knew all the problems of the farm, so I volunteered to go to Dafnah, a farming kibbutz in the high Galilee. I only lasted a few weeks. The new immigrants were given the worst of everything. The food was the same, but that was the only thing that everyone had in common. For the immigrants, bad cigarettes, even bad toothpaste. Everything. I left. Then, through the Jewish Agency, I was advised to go to al-Majdal (later renamed Ashkelon), an Arab town about 9 miles from Gaza, very close to the Mediterranean. The Israeli government planned to turn it into a farmers' city, so my farm background would be an asset there. When I reported to the Labor Office in al-Majdal, they saw that I could read and write Arabic and Hebrew and they said that I could find a good-paying job with the Military Governor's office. The Arabs were under the authority of these Israeli Military Governors. A clerk handed me a bunch of forms in Arabic and Hebrew. Now it dawned on me. Before Israel could establish its farmers' city, it had to rid al-Majdal of its indigenous Palestinians. The forms were petitions to the United Nations Inspectors asking for transfer out of Israel to Gaza, which was under Egyptian control. I read over the petition. In signing, the Palestinian would be saying that he was of sound mind and body and was making the request for transfer free of pressure or duress. Of course, there was no way that they would leave without being pressured to do so. These families had been there hundreds of years, as farmers, primitive artisans, weavers. The Military Governor prohibited them from pursuing their livelihoods, just penned them up until they lost hope of resuming their normal lives. That's when they signed to leave. I was there and heard their grief. "Our hearts are in pain when we look at the orange trees that we planted with our own hands. Please let us go, let us give water to those trees. God will not be pleased with us if we leave His trees untended." I asked the Military Governor to give them relief, but he said, "No, we want them to leave." I could no longer be part of this oppression and I left. Those Palestinians who didn't sign up for transfers were taken by force-just put in trucks and dumped in Gaza. About four thousand people were driven from al-Majdal in one way or another. The few who remained were collaborators with the Israeli authorities. Subsequently, I wrote letters trying to get a government job elsewhere and I got many immediate responses asking me to come for an interview. Then they would discover that my face didn't match my Polish/Ashkenazi name. They would ask if I spoke Yiddish or Polish, and when I said I didn't, they would ask where I came by a Polish name. Desperate for a good job, I would usually say that I thought my great-grandfather was from Poland. I was advised time and again that "we'll give you a call." Eventually, three to four years after coming to Israel, I changed my name to Giladi, which is close to the code name, Gilad, that I had in the Zionist underground. Klaski wasn't doing me any good anyway, and my Eastern friends were always chiding me about the name they knew didn't go with my origins as an Iraqi Jew. I was disillusioned at what I found in the Promised Land, disillusioned personally, disillusioned at the institutionalized racism, disillusioned at what I was beginning to learn about Zionism's cruelties. The principal interest Israel had in Jews from Islamic countries was as a supply of cheap labor, especially for the farm work that was beneath the urbanized Eastern European Jews. Ben Gurion needed the "Oriental" Jews to farm the thousands of acres of land left by Palestinians who were driven out by Israeli forces in 1948. And I began to find out about the barbaric methods used to rid the fledgling state of as many Palestinians as possible. The world recoils today at the thought of bacteriological warfare, but Israel was probably the first to actually use it in the Middle East. In the 1948 war, Jewish forces would empty Arab villages of their populations, often by threats, sometimes by just gunning down a half-dozen unarmed Arabs as examples to the rest. To make sure the Arabs couldn't return to make a fresh life for themselves in these villages, the Israelis put typhus and dysentery bacteria into the water wells. Uri Mileshtin, an official historian for the Israeli Defense Force, has written and spoken about the use of bacteriological agents. According to Mileshtin, Moshe Dayan, a division commander at the time, gave orders in 1948 to remove Arabs from their villages, bulldoze their homes, and render water wells unusable with typhus and dysentery bacteria. Acre was so situated that it could practically defend itself with one big gun, so the Haganah put bacteria into the spring that fed the town. The spring was called Capri and it ran from the north near a kibbutz. The Haganah put typhus bacteria into the water going to Acre, the people got sick, and the Jewish forces occupied Acre. This worked so well that they sent a Haganah division dressed as Arabs into Gaza, where there were Egyptian forces, and the Egyptians caught them putting two cans of bacteria, typhus and dysentery, into the water supply in wanton disregard of the civilian population. "In war, there is no sentiment," one of the captured Haganah men was quoted as saying. My activism in Israel began shortly after I received a letter from the Socialist/Zionist Party asking me to help with their Arabic newspaper. When I showed up at their offices at Central House in Tel Aviv, I asked around to see just where I should report. I showed the letter to a couple of people there and, without even looking at it, they would motion me away with the words, "Room No. 8." When I saw that they weren't even reading the letter, I inquired of several others. But the response was the same, "Room No. 8," with not a glance at the paper I put in front of them. So I went to Room 8 and saw that it was the Department of Jews from Islamic Countries. I was disgusted and angry. Either I am a member of the party or I'm not. Do I have a different ideology or different politics because I am an Arab Jew? It's segregation, I thought, just like a Negroes' Department. I turned around and walked out. That was the start of my open protests. That same year I organized a demonstration in Ashkelon against Ben Gurion's racist policies and 10,000 people turned out. There wasn't much opportunity for those of us who were second class citizens to do much about it when Israel was on a war footing with outside enemies. After the 1967 war, I was in the Army myself and served in the Sinai when there was continued fighting along the Suez Canal. But the cease-fire with Egypt in 1970 gave us our opening. We took to the streets and organized politically to demand equal rights. If it's our country, if we were expected to risk our lives in a border war, then we expected equal treatment. We mounted the struggle so tenaciously and received so much publicity that the Israeli government tried to discredit our movement by calling us "Israel's Black Panthers." They were thinking in racist terms, really, in assuming the Israeli public would reject an organization whose ideology was being compared to that of radical blacks in the United States. But we saw that what we were doing was no different than what blacks in the United States were fighting against-segregation, discrimination, unequal treatment. Rather than reject the label, we adopted it proudly. I had posters of Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Nelson Mandela and other civil rights activists plastered all over my office. With the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and the Israeli-condoned Sabra and Shatilla massacres, I had had enough of Israel. I became a United States citizen and made certain to revoke my Israeli citizenship. I could never have written and published my book in Israel, not with the censorship they would impose. Even in America, I had great difficulty finding a publisher because many are subject to pressures of one kind or another from Israel and its friends. I ended up paying $60,000 from my own pocket to publish Ben Gurion's Scandals: How the Haganah & the Mossad Eliminated Jews, virtually the entire proceeds from having sold my house in Israel. I still was afraid that the printer would back out or that legal proceedings would be initiated to stop its publication, like the Israeli government did in an attempt to prevent former Mossad case officer Victor Ostrovsky from publishing his first book. Ben Gurion's Scandals had to be translated into English from two languages. I wrote in Hebrew when I was in Israel and hoped to publish the book there, and I wrote in Arabic when I was completing the book after coming to the U.S. But I was so worried that something would stop publication that I told the printer not to wait for the translations to be thoroughly checked and proofread. Now I realize that the publicity of a lawsuit would just have created a controversial interest in the book. I am using bank vault storage for the valuable documents that back up what I have written. These documents, including some that I illegally copied from the archives at Yad Vashem, confirm what I saw myself, what I was told by other witnesses, and what reputable historians and others have written concerning the Zionist bombings in Iraq, Arab peace overtures that were rebuffed, and incidents of violence and death inflicted by Jews on Jews in the cause of creating Israel. The Riots of 1941 If, as I have said, my family in Iraq was not persecuted personally and I knew no deprivation as a member of the Jewish minority, what led me to the steps of the gallows as a member of the Zionist underground? To answer that question, it is necessary to establish the context of the massacre that occurred in Baghdad on June 1, 1941, when several hundred Iraqi Jews were killed in riots involving junior officers of the Iraqi army. I was 12 years of age and many of those killed were my friends. I was angry, and very confused. What I didn't know at the time was that the riots most likely were stirred up by the British, in collusion with a pro-British Iraqi leadership. With the breakup of the Ottoman Empire following WW I, Iraq came under British "tutelage." Amir Faisal, son of Sharif Hussein who had led the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman sultan, was brought in from Mecca by the British to become King of Iraq in 1921. Many Jews were appointed to key administrative posts, including that of economics minister. Britain retained final authority over domestic and external affairs. Britain's pro-Zionist attitude in Palestine, however, triggered a growing anti-Zionist backlash in Iraq, as it did in all Arab countries. Writing at the end of 1934, Sir Francis Humphreys, Britain's Ambassador in Baghdad, noted that, while before WW I Iraqi Jews had enjoyed a more favorable position than any other minority in the country, since then "Zionism has sown dissension between Jews and Arabs, and a bitterness has grown up between the two peoples which did not previously exist." King Faisal died in 1933. He was succeeded by his son Ghazi, who died in a motor car accident in 1939. The crown then passed to Ghazi's 4-year-old son, Faisal II, whose uncle, Abd al-Ilah, was named regent. Abd al-Ilah selected Nouri el-Said as prime minister. El-Said supported the British and, as hatred of the British grew, he was forced from office in March 1940 by four senior army officers who advocated Iraq's independence from Britain. Calling themselves the Golden Square, the officers compelled the regent to name as prime minister Rashid Ali al-Kilani, leader of the National Brotherhood party. The time was 1940 and Britain was reeling from a strong German offensive. Al-Kilani and the Golden Square saw this as their opportunity to rid themselves of the British once and for all. Cautiously they began to negotiate for German support, which led the pro-British regent Abd al-Ilah to dismiss al-Kilani in January 1941. By April, however, the Golden Square officers had reinstated the prime minister. This provoked the British to send a military force into Basra on April 12, 1941. Basra, Iraq's second largest city, had a Jewish population of 30,000. Most of these Jews made their livings from import/export, money changing, retailing, as workers in the airports, railways, and ports, or as senior government employees. On the same day, April 12, supporters of the pro-British regent notified the Jewish leaders that the regent wanted to meet with them. As was their custom, the leaders brought flowers for the regent. Contrary to custom, however, the cars that drove them to the meeting place dropped them off at the site where the British soldiers were concentrated. Photographs of the Jews appeared in the following day's newspapers with the banner "Basra Jews Receive British Troops with Flowers." That same day, April 13, groups of angry Arab youths set about to take revenge against the Jews. Several Muslim notables in Basra heard of the plan and calmed things down. Later, it was learned that the regent was not in Basra at all and that the matter was a provocation by his pro-British supporters to bring about an ethnic war in order to give the British army a pretext to intervene. The British continued to land more forces in and around Basra. On May 7, 1941, their Gurkha unit, composed of Indian soldiers from that ethnic group, occupied Basra's el-Oshar quarter, a neighborhood with a large Jewish population. The soldiers, led by British officers, began looting. Many shops in the commercial district were plundered. Private homes were broken into. Cases of attempted rape were reported. Local residents, Jews and Muslims, responded with pistols and old rifles, but their bullets were no match for the soldiers' Tommy Guns. Afterwards, it was learned that the soldiers acted with the acquiescence, if not the blessing, of their British commanders. (It should be remembered that the Indian soldiers, especially those of the Gurkha unit, were known for their discipline, and it is highly unlikely they would have acted so riotously without orders.) The British goal clearly was to create chaos and to blacken the image of the pro-nationalist regime in Baghdad, thereby giving the British forces reason to proceed to the capital and to overthrow the al-Kilani government. Baghdad fell on May 30. Al-Kilani fled to Iran, along with the Golden Square officers. Radio stations run by the British reported that Regent Abd al-Ilah would be returning to the city and that thousands of Jews and others were planning to welcome him. What inflamed young Iraqis against the Jews most, however, was the radio announcer Yunas Bahri on the German station "Berlin," who reported in Arabic that Jews from Palestine were fighting alongside the British against Iraqi soldiers near the city of Faluja. The report was false. On Sunday, June 1, unarmed fighting broke out in Baghdad between Jews who were still celebrating their Shabuoth holiday and young Iraqis who thought the Jews were celebrating the return of the pro-British regent. That evening, a group of Iraqis stopped a bus, removed the Jewish passengers, murdered one and fatally wounded a second. About 8:30 the following morning, some 30 individuals in military and police uniforms opened fire along el-Amin street, a small downtown street whose jewelry, tailor and grocery shops were Jewish-owned. By 11 a.m., mobs of Iraqis with knives, switchblades and clubs were attacking Jewish homes in the area. The riots continued throughout Monday, June 2. During this time, many Muslims rose to defend their Jewish neighbors, while some Jews successfully defended themselves. There were 124 killed and 400 injured, according to a report written by a Jewish Agency messenger who was in Iraq at the time. Other estimates, possibly less reliable, put the death toll higher, as many as 500, with from 650 to 2,000 injured. From 500 to 1,300 stores and more than 1,000 homes and apartments were looted. Who was behind the rioting in the Jewish quarter? Yosef Meir, one of the most prominent activists in the Zionist underground movement in Iraq, known then as Yehoshafat, claims it was the British. Meir, who now works for the Israeli Defense Ministry, argues that, in order to make it appear that the regent was returning as the savior who would reestablish law and order, the British stirred up the riots against the most vulnerable and visible segment in the city, the Jews. And, not surprisingly, the riots ended as soon as the regent's loyal soldiers entered the capital. My own investigations as a journalist lead me to believe Meir is correct. Furthermore, I think his claims should be seen as based on documents in the archives of the Israeli Defense Ministry, the agency that published his book. Yet, even before his book came out, I had independent confirmation from a man I met in Iran in the late Forties. His name was Michael Timosian, an Iraqi Armenian. When I met him he was working as a male nurse at the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in Abadan in the south of Iran. On June 2, 1941, however, he was working at the Baghdad hospital where many of the riot victims were brought. Most of these victims were Jews. Timosian said he was particularly interested in two patients whose conduct did not follow local custom. One had been hit by a bullet in his shoulder, the other by a bullet in his right knee. After the doctor removed the bullets, the staff tried to change their blood-soaked cloths. But the two men fought off their efforts, pretending to be speechless, although tests showed they could hear. To pacify them, the doctor injected them with anesthetics and, as they were sleeping, Timosian changed their cloths. He discovered that one of them had around his neck an identification tag of the type used by British troops, while the other had tattoos with Indian script on his right arm along with the familiar sword of the Gurkha. The next day when Timosian showed up for work, he was told that a British officer, his sergeant and two Indian Gurkha soldiers had come to the hospital early that morning. Staff members overheard the Gurkha soldiers talking with the wounded patients, who were not as dumb as they had pretended. The patients saluted the visitors, covered themselves with sheets and, without signing the required release forms, left the hospital with their visitors. Today there is no doubt in my mind that the anti-Jewish riots of 1941 were orchestrated by the British for geopolitical ends. David Kimche is certainly a man who was in a position to know the truth, and he has spoken publicly about British culpability. Kimche had been with British Intelligence during WW II and with the Mossad after the war. Later he became Director General of Israel's Foreign Ministry, the position he held in 1982 when he addressed a forum at the British Institute for International Affairs in London. In responding to hostile questions about Israel's invasion of Lebanon and the refugee camp massacres in Beirut, Kimche went on the attack, reminding the audience that there was scant concern in the British Foreign Office when British Gurkha units participated in the murder of 500 Jews in the streets of Baghdad in 1941. The Bombings of 1950-1951 The anti-Jewish riots of 1941 did more than create a pretext for the British to enter Baghdad to reinstate the pro-British regent and his pro-British prime minister, Nouri el-Said. They also gave the Zionists in Palestine a pretext to set up a Zionist underground in Iraq, first in Baghdad, then in other cities such as Basra, Amara, Hillah, Diwaneia, Abril and Karkouk. Following WW II, a succession of governments held brief power in Iraq. Zionist conquests in Palestine, particularly the massacre of Palestinians in the village of Deir Yassin, emboldened the anti-British movement in Iraq. When the Iraqi government signed a new treaty of friendship with London in January 1948, riots broke out all over the country. The treaty was quickly abandoned and Baghdad demanded removal of the British military mission that had run Iraq's army for 27 years. Later in 1948, Baghdad sent an army detachment to Palestine to fight the Zionists, and when Israel declared independence in May, Iraq closed the pipeline that fed its oil to Haifa's refinery. Abd al-Ilah, however, was still regent and the British quisling, Nouri el-Said, was back as prime minister. I was in the Abu-Greib prison in 1948, where I would remain until my escape to Iran in September 1949. Six months later-the exact date was March 19, 1950-a bomb went off at the American Cultural Center and Library in Baghdad, causing property damage and injuring a number of people. The center was a favorite meeting place for young Jews. The first bomb thrown directly at Jews occurred on April 8, 1950, at 9:15 p.m. A car with three young passengers hurled the grenade at Baghdad's El-Dar El-Bida Café, where Jews were celebrating Passover. Four people were seriously injured. That night leaflets were distributed calling on Jews to leave Iraq immediately. The next day, many Jews, most of them poor with nothing to lose, jammed emigration offices to renounce their citizenship and to apply for permission to leave for Israel. So many applied, in fact, that the police had to open registration offices in Jewish schools and synagogues. On May 10, at 3 a.m., a grenade was tossed in the direction of the display window of the Jewish-owned Beit-Lawi Automobile Company, destroying part of the building. No casualties were reported. On June 3, 1950, another grenade was tossed from a speeding car in the El-Batawin area of Baghdad where most rich Jews and middle class Iraqis lived. No one was hurt, but following the explosion Zionist activists sent telegrams to Israel requesting that the quota for immigration from Iraq be increased. On June 5, at 2:30 a.m., a bomb exploded next to the Jewish-owned Stanley Shashua building on El-Rashid street, resulting in property damage but no casualties. On January 14, 1951, at 7 p.m., a grenade was thrown at a group of Jews outside the Masouda Shem-Tov Synagogue. The explosive struck a high-voltage cable, electrocuting three Jews, one a young boy, Itzhak Elmacher, and wounding over 30 others. Following the attack, the exodus of Jews jumped to between 600-700 per day. Zionist propagandists still maintain that the bombs in Iraq were set off by anti-Jewish Iraqis who wanted Jews out of their country. The terrible truth is that the grenades that killed and maimed Iraqi Jews and damaged their property were thrown by Zionist Jews. Among the most important documents in my book, I believe, are copies of two leaflets published by the Zionist underground calling on Jews to leave Iraq. One is dated March 16, 1950, the other April 8, 1950. The difference between these two is critical. Both indicate the date of publication, but only the April 8th leaflet notes the time of day: 4 p.m. Why the time of day? Such a specification was unprecedented. Even the investigating judge, Salaman El-Beit, found it suspicious. Did the 4 p.m. writers want an alibi for a bombing they knew would occur five hours later? If so, how did they know about the bombing? The judge concluded they knew because a connection existed between the Zionist underground and the bomb throwers. This, too, was the conclusion of Wilbur Crane Eveland, a former senior officer in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), whom I had the opportunity to meet in New York in 1988. In his book, Ropes of Sand, whose publication the CIA opposed, Eveland writes: In attempts to portray the Iraqis as anti-American and to terrorize the Jews, the Zionists planted bombs in the U.S. Information Service library and in synagogues. Soon leaflets began to appear urging Jews to flee to Israel. . . . Although the Iraqi police later provided our embassy with evidence to show that the synagogue and library bombings, as well as the anti-Jewish and anti-American leaflet campaigns, had been the work of an underground Zionist organization, most of the world believed reports that Arab terrorism had motivated the flight of the Iraqi Jews whom the Zionists had "rescued" really just in order to increase Israel's Jewish population." Eveland doesn't detail the evidence linking the Zionists to the attacks, but in my book I do. In 1955, for example, I organized in Israel a panel of Jewish attorneys of Iraqi origin to handle claims of Iraqi Jews who still had property in Iraq. One well known attorney, who asked that I not give his name, confided in me that the laboratory tests in Iraq had confirmed that the anti-American leaflets found at the American Cultural Center bombing were typed on the same typewriter and duplicated on the same stenciling machine as the leaflets distributed by the Zionist movement just before the April 8th bombing. Tests also showed that the type of explosive used in the Beit-Lawi attack matched traces of explosives found in the suitcase of an Iraqi Jew by the name of Yosef Basri. Basri, a lawyer, together with Shalom Salih, a shoemaker, would be put on trial for the attacks in December 1951 and executed the following month. Both men were members of Hashura, the military arm of the Zionist underground. Salih ultimately confessed that he, Basri and a third man, Yosef Habaza, carried out the attacks. By the time of the executions in January 1952, all but 6,000 of an estimated 125,000 Iraqi Jews had fled to Israel. Moreover, the pro-British, pro-Zionist puppet el-Said saw to it that all of their possessions were frozen, including their cash assets. (There were ways of getting Iraqi dinars out, but when the immigrants went to exchange them in Israel they found that the Israeli government kept 50 percent of the value.) Even those Iraqi Jews who had not registered to emigrate, but who happened to be abroad, faced loss of their nationality if they didn't return within a specified time. An ancient, cultured, prosperous community had been uprooted and its people transplanted to a land dominated by East European Jews, whose culture was not only foreign but entirely hateful to them. The Ultimate Criminals Zionist Leaders. From the start they knew that in order to establish a Jewish state they had to expel the indigenous Palestinian population to the neighboring Islamic states and import Jews from these same states. * Theodor Herzl, the architect of Zionism, thought it could be done by social engineering. In his diary entry for 12 June 1885, he wrote that Zionist settlers would have to "spirit the penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while denying it any employment in our own country." * Vladimir Jabotinsky, Prime Minister Netanyahu's ideological progenitor, frankly admitted that such a transfer of populations could only be brought about by force. * David Ben Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, told a Zionist Conference in 1937 that any proposed Jewish state would have to "transfer Arab populations out of the area, if possible of their own free will, if not by coercion." After 750,000 Palestinians were uprooted and their lands confiscated in 1948-49, Ben Gurion had to look to the Islamic countries for Jews who could fill the resultant cheap labor market. "Emissaries" were smuggled into these countries to "convince" Jews to leave either by trickery or fear. In the case of Iraq, both methods were used: uneducated Jews were told of a Messianic Israel in which the blind see, the lame walk, and onions grow as big as melons; educated Jews had bombs thrown at them. A few years after the bombings, in the early 1950s, a book was published in Iraq, in Arabic, titled Venom of the Zionist Viper. The author was one of the Iraqi investigators of the 1950-51 bombings and, in his book, he implicates the Israelis, specifically one of the emissaries sent by Israel, Mordechai Ben-Porat. As soon as the book came out, all copies just disappeared, even from libraries. The word was that agents of the Israeli Mossad, working through the U.S. Embassy, bought up all the books and destroyed them. I tried on three different occasions to have one sent to me in Israel, but each time Israeli censors in the post office intercepted it. British Leaders. Britain always acted in its best colonial interests. For that reason Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour sent his famous 1917 letter to Lord Rothschild in exchange for Zionist support in WW I. During WW II the British were primarily concerned with keeping their client states in the Western camp, while Zionists were most concerned with the immigration of European Jews to Palestine, even if this meant cooperating with the Nazis. (In my book I document numerous instances of such dealings by Ben Gurion and the Zionist leadership.) After WW II the international chessboard pitted communists against capitalists. In many countries, including the United States and Iraq, Jews represented a large part of the Communist party. In Iraq, hundreds of Jews of the working intelligentsia occupied key positions in the hierarchy of the Communist and Socialist parties. To keep their client countries in the capitalist camp, Britain had to make sure these governments had pro-British leaders. And if, as in Iraq, these leaders were overthrown, then an anti-Jewish riot or two could prove a useful pretext to invade the capital and reinstate the "right" leaders. Moreover, if the possibility existed of removing the communist influence from Iraq by transferring the whole Jewish community to Israel, well then, why not? Particularly if the leaders of Israel and Iraq conspired in the deed. The Iraqi Leaders. Both the regent Abd al-Ilah and his prime minister Nouri el- Said took directions from London. Toward the end of 1948, el-Said, who had already met with Israel's Prime Minister Ben Gurion in Vienna, began discussing with his Iraqi and British associates the need for an exchange of populations. Iraq would send the Jews in military trucks to Israel via Jordan, and Iraq would take in some of the Palestinians Israel had been evicting. His proposal included mutual confiscation of property. London nixed the idea as too radical. El-Said then went to his back-up plan and began to create the conditions that would make the lives of Iraqi Jews so miserable they would leave for Israel. Jewish government employees were fired from their jobs; Jewish merchants were denied import/export licenses; police began to arrest Jews for trivial reasons. Still the Jews did not leave in any great numbers. In September 1949, Israel sent the spy Mordechai Ben-Porat, the one mentioned in Venom of the Zionist Viper, to Iraq. One of the first things Ben-Porat did was to approach el-Said and promise him financial incentives to have a law enacted that would lift the citizenship of Iraqi Jews. Soon after, Zionist and Iraqi representatives began formulating a rough draft of the bill, according to the model dictated by Israel through its agents in Baghdad. The bill was passed by the Iraqi parliament in March 1950. It empowered the government to issue one-time exit visas to Jews wishing to leave the country. In March, the bombings began. Sixteen years later, the Israeli magazine Haolam Hazeh, published by Uri Avnery, then a Knesset member, accused Ben-Porat of the Baghdad bombings. Ben-Porat, who would become a Knesset member himself, denied the charge, but never sued the magazine for libel. And Iraqi Jews in Israel still call him Morad Abu al-Knabel, Mordechai of the Bombs. As I said, all this went well beyond the comprehension of a teenager. I knew Jews were being killed and an organization existed that could lead us to the Promised Land. So I helped in the exodus to Israel. Later, on occasions, I would bump into some of these Iraqi Jews in Israel. Not infrequently they'd express the sentiment that they could kill me for what I had done. Opportunities for Peace After the Israeli attack on the Jordanian village of Qibya in October, 1953, Ben Gurion went into voluntary exile at the Sedeh Boker kibbutz in the Negev. The Labor party then used to organize many buses for people to go visit him there, where they would see the former prime minister working with sheep. But that was only for show. Really he was writing his diary and continuing to be active behind the scenes. I went on such a tour. Ben Gurion's Scandals by N.Giladi How the Haganah and Mossad eliminated Jews. Available in our BookstoreWe were told not to try to speak to Ben Gurion, but when I saw him, I asked why, since Israel is a democracy with a parliament, does it not have a constitution? Ben Gurion said, "Look, boy"-I was 24 at the time-"if we have a constitution, we have to write in it the border of our country. And this is not our border, my dear." I asked, "Then where is the border?" He said, "Wherever the Sahal will come, this is the border." Sahal is the Israeli army. Ben Gurion told the world that Israel accepted the partition and the Arabs rejected it. Then Israel took half of the land that was promised to the Arab state. And still he was saying it was not enough. Israel needed more land. How can a country make peace with its neighbors if it wants to take their land? How can a country demand to be secure if it won't say what borders it will be satisfied with? For such a country, peace would be an inconvenience. I know now that from the beginning many Arab leaders wanted to make peace with Israel, but Israel always refused. Ben Gurion covered this up with propaganda. He said that the Arabs wanted to drive Israel into the sea and he called Gamal Abdel Nasser the Hitler of the Middle East whose foremost intent was to destroy Israel. He wanted America and Great Britain to treat Nasser like a pariah. In 1954, it seemed that America was getting less critical of Nasser. Then during a three-week period in July, several terrorist bombs were set off: at the United States Information Agency offices in Cairo and Alexandria, a British-owned theater, and the central post office in Cairo. An attempt to firebomb a cinema in Alexandria failed when the bomb went off in the pocket of one of the perpetrators. That led to the discovery that the terrorists were not anti-Western Egyptians, but were instead Israeli spies bent on souring the warming relationship between Egypt and the United States in what came to be known as the Lavon Affair. Ben Gurion was still living on his kibbutz. Moshe Sharett as prime minister was in contact with Abdel Nasser through the offices of Lord Maurice Orbach of Great Britain. Sharett asked Nasser to be lenient with the captured spies, and Nasser did all that was in his power to prevent a deterioration of the situation between the two countries. Then Ben Gurion returned as Defense Minister in February, 1955. Later that month Israeli troops attacked Egyptian military camps and Palestinian refugees in Gaza, killing 54 and injuring many more. The very night of the attack, Lord Orbach was on his way to deliver a message to Nasser, but was unable to get through because of the military action. When Orbach telephoned, Nasser's secretary told him that the attack proved that Israel did not want peace and that he was wasting his time as a mediator. In November, Ben Gurion announced in the Knesset that he was willing to meet with Abdel Nasser anywhere and at any time for the sake of peace and understanding. The next morning the Israeli military attacked an Egyptian military camp in the Sabaha region. Although Nasser felt pessimistic about achieving peace with Israel, he continued to send other mediators to try. One was through the American Friends Service Committee; another via the Prime Minister of Malta, Dom Minthoff; and still another through Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia. One that looked particularly promising was through Dennis Hamilton, editor of The London Times. Nasser told Hamilton that if only he could sit and talk with Ben Gurion for two or three hours, they would be able to settle the conflict and end the state of war between the two countries. When word of this reached Ben Gurion, he arranged to meet with Hamilton. They decided to pursue the matter with the Israeli ambassador in London, Arthur Luria, as liaison. On Hamilton's third trip to Egypt, Nasser met him with the text of a Ben Gurion speech stating that Israel would not give up an inch of land and would not take back a single refugee. Hamilton knew that Ben Gurion with his mouth had undermined a peace mission and missed an opportunity to settle the Israeli-Arab conflict. Nasser even sent his friend Ibrahim Izat of the Ruz El Yusuf weekly paper to meet with Israeli leaders in order to explore the political atmosphere and find out why the attacks were taking place if Israel really wanted peace. One of the men Izat met with was Yigal Yadin, a former Chief of Staff of the army who wrote this letter to me on 14 January 1982: Dear Mr. Giladi: Your letter reminded me of an event which I nearly forgot and of which I remember only a few details. Ibrahim Izat came to me if I am not mistaken under the request of the Foreign Ministry or one of its branches; he stayed in my house and we spoke for many hours. I do not remember him saying that he came on a mission from Nasser, but I have no doubt that he let it be understood that this was with his knowledge or acquiescence.... When Nasser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal in spite of opposition from the British and the French, Radio Cairo announced in Hebrew: If the Israeli government is not influenced by the British and the French imperialists, it will eventually result in greater understanding between the two states, and Egypt will reconsider Israel's request to have access to the Suez Canal. Israel responded that it had no designs on Egypt, but at that very moment Israeli representatives were in France planning the three-way attack that was to take place in October, 1956. All the while, Ben Gurion continued to talk about the Hitler of the Middle East. This brainwashing went on until late September, 1970, when Gamal Abdel Nasser passed away. Then, miracle of miracles, David Ben Gurion told the press: A week before he died I received an envoy from Abdel Nasser who asked to meet with me urgently in order to solve the problems between Israel and the Arab world. The public was surprised because they didn't know that Abdel Nasser had wanted this all along, but Israel sabotaged it. Nasser was not the only Arab leader who wanted to make peace with Israel. There were many others. Brigadier General Abdel Karim Qasem, before he seized power in Iraq in July, 1958, headed an underground organization that sent a delegation to Israel to make a secret agreement. Ben Gurion refused even to see him. I learned about this when I was a journalist in Israel. But whenever I tried to publish even a small part of it, the censor would stamp it "Not Allowed." Now, in Netanyahu, we are witnessing another attempt by an Israeli prime minister to fake an interest in making peace. Netanyahu and the Likud are setting Arafat up by demanding that he institute more and more repressive measures in the interest of Israeli "security." Sooner or later I suspect the Palestinians will have had enough of Arafat's strong-arm methods as Israel's quisling-and he'll be killed. Then the Israeli government will say, "See, we were ready to give him everything. You can't trust those Arabs-they kill each other. Now there's no one to even talk to about peace." Conclusion Alexis de Tocqueville once observed that it is easier for the world to accept a simple lie than a complex truth. Certainly it has been easier for the world to accept the Zionist lie that Jews were evicted from Muslim lands because of anti-Semitism, and that Israelis, never the Arabs, were the pursuers of peace. The truth is far more discerning: bigger players on the world stage were pulling the strings. These players, I believe, should be held accountable for their crimes, particularly when they willfully terrorized, dispossessed and killed innocent people on the altar of some ideological imperative. I believe, too, that the descendants of these leaders have a moral responsibility to compensate the victims and their descendants, and to do so not just with reparations, but by setting the historical record straight. That is why I established a panel of inquiry in Israel to seek reparations for Iraqi Jews who had been forced to leave behind their property and possessions in Iraq. That is why I joined the Black Panthers in confronting the Israeli government with the grievances of the Jews in Israel who came from Islamic lands. And that is why I have written my book and this article: to set the historical record straight. We Jews from Islamic lands did not leave our ancestral homes because of any natural enmity between Jews and Muslims. And we Arabs-I say Arab because that is the language my wife and I still speak at home-we Arabs on numerous occasions have sought peace with the State of the Jews. And finally, as a U.S. citizen and taxpayer, let me say that we Americans need to stop supporting racial discrimination in Israel and the cruel expropriation of lands in the West Bank, Gaza, South Lebanon and the Golan Heights.

Which book should i read? Avi Beyond the Western Sea This book is the story of three young Irish immigrants coming to the United States. Avi The Fighting Ground Thirteen-year-old Jonathan gets caught up in the Revolutionary War that changes his understanding of life and war. Avi The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle This is the story of a girl returning from England to Rhode Island on a sailing ship and the adventures she encounters. Beatty, Patricia Charley Skedaddle Charley Quinn, age 12, a member of a New York City street gang is determined to avenge the death of his older brother at the Battle of Gettysburg. Beatty, Patricia and Phillip Robbins Eben Tyne, Powdermonkey Eben Tyne, 13, is a powder carrier on the Confederate ironclad the Merrimack. Beatty, Patricia Jayhawker Elijah Tulley, 12, meets John Brown and is forever committed to abolishing slavery. 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Denenberg, Barry When Will This Cruel War Be Over? The Civil War Diary of Emma Simpson This is the fictional diary of a 14-year-old girl living in Virginia during the Civil War. Forbes, Esther Johnny Tremain This is a story of the turbulent times in Boston just before the Revolutionary War. Gaines, Ernest The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman This book is a fictional account of the life of a Black woman from the end of slavery to the 1900’s. Hanson, Joyce Which Way Freedom A young Black man, Obi, struggles to be a free man. Hunt, Irene Across Five Aprils Jethro, age 9, has an idealized view of war until the Civil War breaks out and he is transformed from a boy to a man in the four long years. Newberry award winning book. Kay, Alan N. Nowhere to Turn Set at the Battle of Antietam, Thomas Adams of Pennsylvania and his faithful dog, Blue, must decide to join the fight against Lee at Sharpsburg, or flee. Keith, Harold Rifles for Watie Jeff Busey leaves his family farm to join the Union forces and is caught as a spy. Kherdian, David Bridger: The Story of a Mountain Man This is a fictionalized story of eighteen-year-old Jim Bridger. Lenski, Lois Indian Captive Based on the true story of Mary Jenison, this tale follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old girl in 1758. Captured from her Pennsylvania farm by the Seneca Indians, Mary grew to eventually love their way of life. When given a chance to rejoin the white world she was torn between her past and her new Indian family. Who will she chose? Liles, Maurine The Littlest Vaquero: Texas' First Cowboys and How They Helped Win the American Revolution This fictionalized account is of a young vaquero who is on a cattle drive to supply Longhorn cattle to troops in Louisiana fighting the American Revolution. Murrow, Liza Ketchum West Against the Wind Abigail Parker, age 14, sets out to find her father in the gold mines of Yuba City, California in 1850. Nixon, Joan Lowry A Family Apart The Kelly family struggles to stay alive in New York City following the death of their father. The children are put up for adoption and are taken to Missouri. Book one in the Orphan Train trilogy. Nixon, Joan Lowry Caught in the Act Mike Kelly, 11, is adopted by the Friedrichs only because they want someone to work long hours for room and board. Book two in the Orphan Train trilogy. O’Dell, Scott Sing Down the Moon This is the story of the conflict between the Navajos and the U.S. Army. O’Dell, Scott The Serpent Never Sleeps This is a story of a young girl sailing for Jamestown in 1609. Paulsen, Gary Call Me Francis Tucket Francis, 15, separates from the one-armed trapper who taught him how to survive the wilderness of the Old West. Paulsen, Gary Nightjohn The story of a young slave, Sarny, whose life becomes even more dangerous when a newly arrived slave offers to teach her how to read. Paulsen, Gary Sarny Sequel to Nightjohn. Perez, N. A. The Slopes of War: A Novel of Gettysburg This is the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of Summerhill family. Reeder, Carolyn Shades of Gray Will Page, age 12, loses his immediate family in the Civil War. He comes to understand the moral issues involved in the war. Richter, Conrad The Light in the Forest After being taken hostage by the Lenni Lenape, True Son, John Butler, is returned to his white relatives and a society he no longer understands. Rinaldi, Ann A Stitch in Time This is the story of a New England family of three sisters who go their separate ways. Rinaldi, Ann Broken Days The second volume of the quilt trilogy, the story is set in Massachusetts. Rinaldi, Ann Cast Two Shadows Fourteen-year-old Caroline Whitaker is caught in the violent web of Revolutionary War in the south—her Patriot father is imprisoned, her Loyalist brother Johnny is wounded, her best friend is hanged by the British before her eyes, and her sister is fast becoming the doxy of the cruel British officer who has commandeered their house. Rinaldi, Ann The Fifth of March Rachel Marsh is an indentured servant in the household of John and Abigail Adams. Although she is not political herself, she worries about friends support rebellion. When she meets Matthew Kilroy, a young, argumentative British soldier who has been sent to Boston to keep the peace, she begins to question British domination of the colonies. Rinaldi, Ann Finishing Becca: A Story about Peggy Shippen and Benedict Arnold Becca, a 14-year-old girl, takes a job as maid of a wealthy Philadelphisn Quaker family. She is witness to events that lead to General Arnold's betrayal of the American forces duing the Revolutionary War. Rinaldi, Ann Having a Thousand Trees with Ribbons: The Story of Phyllis Wheatley This is the fictionalized biography of the eighteenth-century African woman who was brought to New England as a slave and published her first poem as a teenager. Rinaldi, Ann In My Father’s House The book is written from the point of view of Osceola McLean who watches the Civil War begin and end on her family's farm. Rinaldi, Ann A Ride into Morning The Revolutionary War is raging and the American soldiers are freezing, underpaid, and resentful. Mutiny seems imminent. Near the camp of General Wayne’s troops, Tempe Wick is waging her own battle for survival. Food and firewood are scare, her mother is ailing, and she can’t maintain the farm much longer. As whispers of mutiny increase, she must face a gut-wrenching decision: Should she join the revolt? Rinaldi, Ann Time Enough for Drums Fourteen-year-old Jemima Emerson struggles to sort out her feelings about the Revolutionary War. Rinaldi, Ann The Blue Door Amanda Videau, 14, is sent from South Carolina to live with her grandfather in Massachusetts. Rinaldi, Ann The Last Silk Dress This is the story of a teenage girl in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War who discovers family secrets as she grows up. Rinaldi, Ann The Secret Life of Sarah Revere Thirteen-year-old Sarah Reveres’ father is famous, but he guards a secret about the start of the Revolutionary War. He’ll tell no one what he has seen, not even his trusted daughter. Sarah knows secrets can be dangerous and she’s even got one of her own- and it’s tearing her apart. Roberts, Kenneth Arundel Steven Nason, a soldier in the Continental Army, joins Benedict Arnold's doomed march to Quebec in 1775. Through Nason's eyes, learn about the bravery of Arnold (Washington's trusted and heroic officer at that time) and the trials and tribulations of the soldiers of the Revolutionary War. Roberts, Kenneth Rabble in Arms Beginning in 1776, this novel follows the adventures of Peter and Nathaniel Merril as they are drawn into the northern battles of the American Revolution. Robinet, Harriet Gillem If You Please, President Lincoln Moses, a 14-year-old slave runs away and befriends a blind free black who is enticed into a ship with promises of work. Ruby, Lois Steal Away Home This is the story of a Quaker family and how they helped slaves on the Underground Railroad. Shore, Laura Jan The Sacred Moon Tree This is the story of two inventive young people who see the danger, death and devastation of the Civil War become real. Williams, Ben Ames A House Divided This is a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil War. Yep, Laurence Mountain Light Nineteen year old Squeaky travels from China to America to seek his fortune among the California gold fields. NON-FICTION Banfield Susan James Madison This book tells of Madison’s contributions to the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights and the Presidency. Bentley, Judith Harriet Tubman The story of the famous conductor of the Underground Railroad. Bishop, Jim The Day Lincoln Was Shot This book is the hour by hour account of the events surrounding Lincoln’s assassination. Bower, Claude The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln This is the story from the President’s point of view by portraying him as a victim of a self-interested Congress. Catton, Bruce Never Call Retreat This book is one in a series about the Civil War. Catton, Bruce Stillness at Appomattox This is the story of the surrender at Appomattox. Coolidge, Olivia Woman's Rights: The Suffrage Movement in the United States, 1848-1920 The history of women voting in the U.S. is the theme of this book. DeVoto, Bernard Across the Wide Missouri This book describes the story of mountain men and the Rocky Mountain fur trade. DeVoto, Bernard 1846: Year of Decision This book explains how President Polk’s maneuvers led to the War with Mexico. Freedman, Russell Lincoln: A Photobiography This is a detailed and balanced account of the life and career of Abraham Lincoln. Heidish, Mercy A Woman Called Moses This book is the biography of Harriet Tubman. James, Marquis The Raven This book is the biography of Samuel Houston. Johnson, William The Birth of Texas This book describes the leadership of Stephen Austin, Texas independence, and the Battle of the Alamo. Keller, Mollie Alexander Hamilton This is the story of the first Secretary of Treasury who started life as a poor person with no advantages. Knight, Michele In Chains to Louisiana: Solomon Northrup’s Story This is the story of a free Black who was kidnapped and sold into slavery. Lee, Martin Paul Revere This biography provides a look at Paul Revere’s life in the context of the American Revolution. McCurdy, Michael Escape From Slavery: The Boyhood of Frederick Douglass in His Own Words Excerpts from Douglass's autobiography paint a vivid portrait of a great abolitionist. McClung, Robert M. The True Adventures of Grizzly Adams This is the story of one of the Old West’s most famous frontiersmen during the mid-1800s. McKissack, Patricia and Fred The Story of Booker T. Washington This book provides a brief overview of the life of Booker T. Washington. McKitrick, Eric Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction The book sympathizes with Moderate Republicans and blames the President's errors on Radicals in Congress. Meltzer, Milton George Washington and the Birth of Our Nation This biography covers Washington’s childhood in Virginia to his death at Mount Vernon. Murphy, Jim The Boys’ War This book is an account of young soldiers who fought on both sides of the war. Oates, Stephen To Purge This Land With Blood This is a book that tells the story of John Brown. Reisch, Dana Patrick Henry This is the story of how Patrick Henry contributed political leadership to the emerging nation. Taylor, M.W. Harriet Tubman This book tells the story of the architects of the Underground Railroad. Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery This book is the autobiography of Booker T. Washington in his own words.

Do you wanna hear a long joke? A joke is a short story or series of words spoken or communicated with the intent of being laughed at or found humorous by either listener/reader or performer/writer. A practical joke differs in that the humor is not verbal, but mainly physical (e.g. throwing a custard pie in the direction of somebody's face). Some jokes are not funny. Jokes are performed either in a staged situation, such as a comedy in front of an audience, or informally for the entertainment of participants and onlookers. The desired response is generally laughter, although loud groans are also a common response to some forms of jokes, such as puns and shaggy dog stories. Why we laugh has been the subject of serious academic study, examples being: Immanuel Kant, in Critique of Judgement (1790) states that "Laughter is an effect that arises if a tense expectation is transformed into nothing." Here is Kant's two hundred and seventeen year old joke and his analysis: "An Indian at an Englishman's table in Surat saw a bottle of ale being opened, and all the beer, turned to froth, rushed out. The Indian, by repeated exclamations, showed his great amazement. - Well, what's so amazing in that? asked the Englishman. - Oh, but I'm not amazed at its coming out, replied the Indian, but how you managed to get it all in. - This makes us laugh, and it gives us a hearty pleasure. This is not because, say, we think we are smarter than this ignorant man, nor are we laughing at anything else here that it is our liking and that we noticed through our understanding. It is rather that we had a tense expectation that suddenly vanished..." Henri Bergson, in his book Le rire (Laughter, 1901), suggests that laughter evolved to make social life possible for human beings. Sigmund Freud's "Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious". Arthur Koestler, in The Act of Creation (1964), analyzes humor and compares it to other creative activities, such as literature and science. Marvin Minsky in Society of Mind (1986). Marvin Minsky suggests that laughter has a specific function related to the human brain. In his opinion jokes and laughter are mechanisms for the brain to learn nonsense. For that reason, he argues, jokes are usually not as funny when you hear them repeatedly. Edward de Bono in "The Mechanism of the Mind" (1969) and "I am Right, You are Wrong" (1990). Edward de Bono suggests that the mind is a pattern-matching machine, and that it works by recognizing stories and behavior and putting them into familiar patterns. When a familiar connection is disrupted and an alternative unexpected new link is made in the brain via a different route than expected, then laughter occurs as the new connection is made. This theory explains a lot about jokes. For example: Why jokes are only funny the first time they are told: once they are told the pattern is already there, so there can be no new connections, and so no laughter. Why jokes have an elaborate and often repetitive set up: The repetition establishes the familiar pattern in the brain. A common method used in jokes is to tell almost the same story twice and then deliver the punch line the third time the story is told. The first two tellings of the story evoke a familiar pattern in the brain, thus priming the brain for the punch line. Why jokes often rely on stereotypes: the use of a stereotype links to familiar expected behavior, thus saving time in the set-up. Why jokes are variants on well-known stories (eg the genie and a lamp): This again saves time in the set up and establishes a familiar pattern. In 2002, Richard Wiseman conducted a study intended to discover the world's funniest joke [1]. Laughter, the intended human reaction to jokes, is healthful in moderation, uses the stomach muscles, and releases endorphins, natural happiness-inducing chemicals, into the bloodstream. One of the most complete and informative books on different types of jokes and how to tell them is Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), which encompasses several broad categories of humor, and gives useful tips on how to tell them, whom to tell them to, and ways to change the joke to fit one's audience. [edit] Rules The rules of humor are analogous to those of poetry, as said the French philosopher Henri Bergson: "In every wit there is something of a poet"[1](In this essay Bergson viewed the essence of humour as the encrustation of the mechanical upon the living. He used as an instance a book by an English humorist, in which an elderly woman who desired a reputation as a philanthropist provided "homes within easy hail of her mansion for the conversion of atheists who have been specially manufactured for her, so to speak, and for a number of honest folk who have been made into drunkards so that she may cure them of their failing, etc." This idea seems funny because a genuine impulse of charity as a living, vital impulse has become encrusted by a mechanical conception of how it should manifest itself.) These common rules are mainly: precision, synthesis and rhythm. Speed also plays a role, such as enhancing the laugh effect. As Mack Sennett showed in his works, the more frantic the funnier. [edit] Exactness To reach exactness, the comedian must choose the words in order to obtain a vivid, perfectly in focus image, and to avoid being generic (that drives the audience confused, and results in no laugh); to properly arrange the words in the sentence is also crucial to get exactness. An example by Woody Allen (from Side Effects, "A Giant Step for Mankind" story [2]): “ Grasping the mouse firmly by the tail, I snapped it like a small whip, and the morsel of cheese came loose. ” [edit] Synthesis As Shakespeare said in Hamlet, "Brevity is the soul of wit"[2]. That means that a joke is best when it expresses the maximum meaning with a minimal number of words; this is today considered one of the key technical elements of a joke. An example from Woody Allen: “ I took a speed reading course and read War and Peace in twenty minutes. It involves Russia. ” Though, the familiarity of the pattern of "brevity" has lead to numerous examples of jokes where the very length is itself the pattern breaking "punchline". Numerous examples from Monty Python exist, for instance, the song "I Like Traffic Lights", and more modernly, Family Guy contains numerous such examples, most notably, in the episode Wasted Talent where Peter Griffin bangs his shin, a classic slapstick trope, and holds his shin whilst exhaling and inhaling to quiet the pain. This goes on for considerably longer than expected. This joke is repeated again in the fourth season in the episode Brian Goes Back to College when Peter is dressed as John "Hannibal" Smith from The A-Team. [edit] Rhythm Main articles: Timing (linguistics) and Comic timing The joke content (meaning) is not what provokes the laugh, it just makes the salience of the joke and provokes a smile. What makes us laugh is the joke mechanism. Milton Berle demonstrated this with a classic theatre experiment in the 1950s: if during a series of jokes you insert phrases that are not jokes, but with the same rhythm, the audience laughs anyway. A classic is the ternary rhythm, with three beats: introduction, premise, antithesis (with the antithesis being the punch line). In regards to the Milton Berle experiment, they can be taken to demonstrate the concept of "breaking context" or "breaking the pattern". It isn't necessarily the Rhythm that caused the audience to laugh, but the disparity between the expectation of a "joke" and being instead given a non-sequitur "normal phrase." This normal phrase is, itself, unexpected, and is a kind of punchline. [edit] Conclusions When a technically-good joke is referred changing it with paraphrasing, it is not laughable anymore; this is because the paraphrase, changing some term or moving it within the sentence, breaks the joke mechanism (its vividness, brevity and rhythm), and its power and effectiveness are lost. Douglas Adams described sentences where the joke word is the final word as "comically weighted." This saves the "payoff" until the last possible moment, allowing the expectation for surprise to reach its highest point, while the mind is more firmly rooted in the pattern established by the rest of the sentence. [citation needed] [edit] Why do we laugh (model of appreciation) No satisfactory theory of laughter that explains why humans laugh has yet gained wide acceptance. Some of the prominent explanations (that is a humor appreciation model) comes from part of the ideas contained in the psychology essay Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious, by Sigmund Freud (1905) [3]. According to Freud's operational description, we laugh when the unconscious energy emerges to reach the conscious mind; and it reaches it unexpectedly thanks to the techniques used by the comedian. This exceeding energy is rapidly discharged in the form of laughter. Freud distinguishes three fields: the comic, the wit, and the humor. [edit] Comic In the comic field plays the 'economy of ideative expenditure'; in other words excessive energy is wasted or action-essential energy is saved. The profound meaning of a comic gag or a comic joke is "I'm a child"; the comic deals with the clumsy body of the child. Laurel and Hardy are a classic example. An individual laughs because he recognizes the child that is in himself. In clowns stumbling is a childish tempo. In the comic, the visual gags may be translated into a joke. For example in Side Effects (By Destiny Denied story) by Woody Allen: “ "My father used to wear loafers," she confessed. "Both on the same foot". ” The typical comic technique is the disproportion. [edit] Wit In the wit field plays the "economy of censorship expenditure"[3](Freud literally calls it "the economy of psychic expenditure".); usually censorship prevents some 'dangerous ideas' from reaching the conscious mind, or helps us avoid saying everything that comes to mind; adversely, the wit circumvents the censorship and brings up those ideas. Different wit techniques allow one to express them in a funny way. The profound meaning behind a wit joke is "I have dangerous ideas". An example from Woody Allen: “ I contemplated suicide again - this time by inhaling next to an insurance salesman. ” Wit is a branch of rhetoric, and there are about 200 techniques (technically they are called tropes, a particular kind of figure of speech) that can be used to make jokes[4]. Irony can be seen as belonging to this field. [edit] Humor In the comedy field, humor induces an "economized expenditure of emotion" (Freud literally calls it "economy of affect" or "economy of sympathy". Freud produced this final part of his interpretation many years later, in a paper later supplemented to the book.).[3][5] In other words, the joke erases an emotion that should be felt about an event, making us insensitive to it. The profound meaning of the void feel of a humor joke is "I'm a cynic". An example from Woody Allen: “ Three times I've been mistaken for Robert Redford. Each time by a blind person. ” This field of jokes is still a grey area, being mostly unexplored. Extensive use of this kind of humor can be found in the work of British satirist Chris Morris, like the sketches of the Jam television program. Black humor and sarcasm belong to this field. [edit] Cycles Folklorists, in particular (but not exclusively) those who study the folklore of the United States, collect jokes into joke cycles. A cycle is a collection of jokes with a particular theme or a particular "script". (That is, it is a literature cycle.)[6] Folklorists have identified several such cycles: the elephant joke cycle that began in 1962 the Helen Keller Joke Cycle that comprises jokes about Helen Keller[7] viola jokes[8] the NASA, Challenger, or Space Shuttle Joke Cycle that comprises jokes relating to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster[9][10][11] the Chernobyl Joke Cycle that comprises jokes relating to the Chernobyl disaster[12] the Polish Pope Joke Cycle that comprises jokes relating to Pope John Paul II[13] the Essex girl and the Stupid Irish joke cycles in the United Kingdom[14] the Dead Baby Joke Cycle[15] the Newfie Joke Cycle that comprises jokes made by Canadians about Newfoundlanders[16] the Little Willie Joke Cycle, and the Quadriplegic Joke Cycle[17] the Jew Joke Cycle and the Polack Joke Cycle[18] the Rastus and Liza Joke Cycle, which Dundes describes as "the most vicious and widespread white anti-Negro joke cycle"[19] the Radio Erevan (or Yerevan) Joke Cycle, which satirizes Radio Yerevan as offering naive or stupid answers to questions from its listeners, answers that often satirize Communism, Marxism, Socialism, Russian society, or Russian institutions[20] the Jewish American Princess (or JAP) Joke Cycle that appeared in the late 1970s, comprising jokes about a JAP who is "vain, pampered, spoiled, sexually manipulative, materialistic, bossy, uncultured, loud, overdressed and bedecked with jewels, a bubble-head, a younger version of the Jewish wife, and spoiled by a doting father"[21] Gruner discusses several "sick joke" cycles that occurred upon events surrounding Gary Hart, Natalie Wood, Vic Morrow, Jim Bakker, Richard Pryor, and Michael Jackson, noting how several jokes were recycled from one cycle to the next. For example: A joke about Vic Morrow ("We now know that Vic Morrow had dandruff: they found his head and shoulders in the bushes") was subsequently recycled and applied to the crew of the Challenger space shuttle ("How do we know that Christa McAuliffe had dandruff? They found her head and shoulders on the beach.").[22] Berger asserts that "whenever there is a popular joke cycle, there generally is some widespread kind of social and cultural anxiety, lingering below the surface, that the joke cycle helps people deal with".[23] [edit] Types of jokes Jokes often depend on the humor of the unexpected, the mildly taboo (which can include the distasteful or socially improper), or playing off stereotypes and other cultural beliefs. Many jokes fit into more than one category. [edit] Subjects Political jokes are usually a form of satire. They generally concern politicians and heads of state, but may also cover the absurdities of a country's political situation. Two large categories of this type of jokes exist. The first one makes fun of a negative attitude to political opponents or to politicians in general. The second one makes fun of political clichés, mottos, catch phrases or simply blunders of politicians. Some, especially the you have two cows genre, derive humor from comparing different political systems. Professional humor includes caricatured portrayals of certain professions such as lawyers, and in-jokes told by professionals to each other. Mathematical jokes are a form of in-joke, generally designed to be understandable only by insiders. Ethnic jokes exploit ethnic stereotypes. They are often racist and frequently considered offensive. For example, the British tell jokes starting "An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman..." which exploit the supposed parsimony of the Scot, stupidity of the Irish, or some combination. The British find humor in poking fun at any race, including their own, although this statement is a gross generalisation. Such jokes exist among numerous peoples. Additionally, many cultures have Black jokes, which exploit the supposed stupidity and/or supposed incompetence of people of African descent. Racially offensive humor is increasingly unacceptable, but there are similar jokes based on other stereotypes such as blonde jokes. Religious jokes fall into several categories: Jokes based on stereotypes associated with people of religion (e.g. nun jokes, priest jokes, or rabbi jokes) Jokes on classical religious subjects: crucifixion, Adam and Eve, St. Peter at The Gates, etc. Jokes that collide different religious denominations: "A rabbi, a medicine man, and a pastor went fishing..." Letters and addresses to God. Self-deprecating or self-effacing humor is superficially similar to racial and stereotype jokes, but involves the targets laughing at themselves. It is said to maintain a sense of perspective and to be powerful in defusing confrontations. Probably the best-known and most common example is Jewish humor. The egalitarian tradition was strong among the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in which the powerful were often mocked subtly. Prominent members of the community were kidded during social gatherings, part a good-natured tradition of humor as a leveling device. A similar situation exists in the Scandinavian "Ole and Lena" joke. Self-deprecating humor has also been used by politicians, who recognize its ability to acknowledge controversial issues and steal the punch of criticism - for example, when Abraham Lincoln was accused of being two-faced he replied, "If I had two faces, do you think this is the one I’d be wearing?". Dirty jokes are based on taboo, often sexual, content or vocabulary. Many dirty jokes are also sexist. Other taboos are challenged by sick jokes and gallows humor; to joke about disability is considered in this group. Surrealist or minimalist jokes exploit semantic inconsistency, for example: Q: What's red and invisible? A: No tomatoes.. Anti Jokes are jokes that aren't funny in normal sense, and often can be decidedly unfunny, but rely on absurdity, surrealism and abstractness of the joke or situation to provide entertainment. An elephant joke is a joke, almost always a riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of connected riddles, that involves an elephant. [edit] Styles The question / answer joke, sometimes posed as a common riddle, has a supposedly straight question and an answer which is twisted for humorous effect; puns are often employed. Of this type are knock-knock joke, lightbulb joke, the many variations on "why did the chicken cross the road?", and the class of "What's the difference between..." joke, where the punch line is often a pun or a spoonerism linking two apparently entirely unconnected concepts. Some jokes require a double act, where one respondent (usually the straight man) can be relied on to give the correct response to the person telling the joke. This is more common in performance than informal joke-telling. A shaggy dog story is an extremely long and involved joke with a weak or completely nonexistent punchline. The humor lies in building up the audience's anticipation and then letting them down completely. The longer the story can continue without the audience realising it is a joke, and not a serious anecdote, the more successful it is. Shaggy jokes appear to date from the 1930s, although there are several competing variants for the "original" shaggy dog story. According to one, an advertisement is placed in a newspaper, searching for the shaggiest dog in the world. The teller of the joke then relates the story of the search for the shaggiest dog in extreme and exaggerated detail (flying around the world, climbing mountains, fending off sabre-toothed tigers, etc); a good teller will be able to stretch the story out to over half an hour. When the winning dog is finally presented, the advertiser takes a look at the dog and states: "I don't think he's so shaggy"Comedy has a classical meaning (comical theatre) and a popular one (the use of humour with an intent to provoke laughter in general). In the theater, its Western origins are in ancient Greece, like tragedy, a genre characterised by a grave fall from grace by a protagonist having high social standing. Comedy, in contrast, portrays a conflict or agon (Classical Greek ἀγών) between a young hero and an older authority, a confrontation described by Northrop Frye as a struggle between a "society of youth" and a "society of the old". A more recent development is to regard this struggle as a mere pretext for disguise, a comical device centered on uncertainties regarding the meaning of social identity. The basis of comedy would then be a plot mechanism conceived to engender misunderstandings either about a hero's identity or about social being in general. [1] Returning to the popular term comedy, it is known to be difficult to describe. Humor being subjective, one may or may not find something humorous because it is either too offensive or not offensive enough. Comedy is judged according to a person’s taste. Some enjoy cerebral fare such as irony or black comedy; others may prefer scatological humor (e.g. the "fart joke") or slapstick. A common gender stereotype that plays on this convention is that men love the comedy of The Three Stooges, while women do not.[citation needed] While hard to pin down, it can safely be said that most good comedy, as with a good joke, contains within it variations on the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, and the effect of opposite expectations. The audience becomes a part of the experience, if it is to be successful. Sometimes, it is the fulfillment of the expectation which is part of the experience, such as the long "take" of a Jack Benny, resolved, paradoxically, when the expected happens. Comedy is a serious business, and one only knows it when one sees it or hears it. Comedy is the term applied to theatrical dramas, the chief object of which are to amuse. It is contrasted on the one hand with tragedy and on the other with farce, burlesque, and so on. As compared with tragedy, it is distinguished by having a (the comedies). [edit] Derivation The word "comedy" is derived from the Classical Greek κωμῳδία, which is a compound either of κῶμος (revel) or κώμη (village) and ᾠδή (singing): it is possible that κῶμος itself is derived from κώμη, and originally meant a village revel. In ancient Greece, comedy seems to have originated in bawdy and ribald songs or recitations apropos of fertility festivals or gatherings, or also in poking fun at other people or stereotypes.[2] Aristotle, in his Poetics, tells us the same: that comedy originated in Phallic songs and the light treatment of the otherwise base and ugly. He also adds that the origins of comedy are obscure because it was not treated seriously.[3] P.W. Buckham writes that "the lighter sort of Iambic became Comic poets, the graver became Tragic instead of Heroic".[4] The word comes into modern usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia. It has passed through various shades of meaning. In the middle ages it meant simply a story with a happy ending. Thus some of Chaucer's tales are called comedies, and in this sense Dante used the term in the title of his poem, La Commedia (cf. his Epistola X., in which he speaks of the comic style as "loqutio vulgaris, in qua et mulierculae communicant"; again "comoedia vero remisse et humiliter"; "differt a tragoedia per hoc, quod t. in principio est admirabilis et quieta, in fine sive exitu est foetida et horribilis"). Subsequently the term is applied to mystery plays with a happy ending. The modern usage combines this sense with that in which Renaissance scholars applied it to the ancient comedies. The adjective "comic" (Greek κωμικός), which strictly means that which relates to comedy, is in modern usage generally confined to the sense of "laughter-provoking": it is distinguished from "humorous" or "witty" inasmuch as it is applied to an incident or remark which provokes spontaneous laughter without a special mental effort. The phenomena connected with laughter and that which provokes it, the comic, have been carefully investigated by psychologists, in contrast with other phenomena connected with the emotions. It is very generally agreed that the predominating characteristics are incongruity or contrast in the object, and shock or emotional seizure on the part of the subject. It has also been held that the feeling of superiority is an essential, if not the essential, factor: thus Hobbes speaks of laughter as a "sudden glory." Physiological explanations have been given by Kant, Spencer and Darwin. Modern investigators have paid much attention to the origin both of laughter and of smiling, the development of the "play instinct" and its emotional expression. Comedy has a classical meaning (comical theatre) and a popular one (the use of humour with an intent to provoke laughter in general). In the theater, its Western origins are in ancient Greece, like tragedy, a genre characterised by a grave fall from grace by a protagonist having high social standing. Humour (also spelled humor) is the ability or quality of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The origin of the term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally: juice or sap, metaphorically: flavour) controlled human health and emotion. A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, and context. For example, young children (of any background) particularly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows. Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences. Figure of speech Humorous triple and paraprosdokian Enthymeme Syllepsis (zeugma) Hyperbole Understatement Inherently funny words with sounds that make them amusing in the language of delivery Irony, where a statement or situation implies both a superficial and a concealed meaning which are at odds with each other. Joke Adages, often in the form of paradox "laws" of nature, such as Murphy's law or lemon law Stereotyping, such as blonde jokes, lawyer jokes, racial jokes, viola jokes. Sick Jokes, arousing humour through grotesque, violent or exceptionally cruel scenarios. Soldiers in the field of battle often use 'trench humour' to keep morale up in appalling circumstances. Riddle Word play Oxymoron Pun Non-verbal Bathos Exaggerated or unexpected gestures and movements Character driven, deriving humour from the way characters act in specific situations, without punchlines. Exemplified by The Larry Sanders Show and Curb Your Enthusiasm. Clash of context humour, such "fish out of water" Comic sounds Deliberate ambiguity and confusion with reality, often performed by Andy Kaufman Unintentional humour, that is, making people laugh without intending to (as with Ed Wood's Plan 9 From Outer Space) Funny pictures: Photos or drawings/caricatures that are intentionally or unintentionally humorous. Sight gags Visual humour[citation needed]: Similar to the sight gag, but encompassing narrative in theatre or comics, or on film or video. Understanding humour Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said that "Humour can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made. The term "humour" as formerly applied in comedy, referred to the interpretation of the sublime and the ridiculous. In this context, humour is often a subjective experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the breaking of those expectations leads to laughter (This is true for many emotions, and is not limited to laughter)[citation needed]. Irony is explicitly this form of comedy, whereas slapstick takes more passive social norms relating to physicality and plays with them[citation needed]. In other words, comedy is a sign of a 'bug' in the symbolic make-up of language, as well as a self-correcting mechanism for such bugs[citation needed]. Once the problem in meaning has been described through a joke, people immediately begin correcting their impressions of the symbols that have been mocked. This is one explanation why jokes are often funny only when told the first time. Another explanation is that humour frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist. This, however, does not explain why people being humiliated and verbally abused, without it being unexpected or a shift in perspective, is considered funny - ref. The Office. Another explanation is that the essence of humour lies in two ingredients; the relevance factor and the surprise factor. First, something familiar (or relevant) to the audience is presented. (However, the relevant situation may be so familiar to the audience that it doesn't always have to be presented, as occurs in absurd humour, for example). From there, they may think they know the natural follow-through thoughts or conclusion. The next principal ingredient is the presentation of something different from the audience's expectations, or else the natural result of interpreting the original situation in a different, less common way (see twist or surprise factor). For example: “ A man speaks to his doctor after an operation. He says, "Doc, now that the surgery is done, will I be able to play the piano?" The doctor replies, "Of course!" The man says, "Good, because I couldn't before!" ” The Simpsons is noted for using this technique many times to evoke humour. Former show runner David Mirkin often refers to it as the “screw-you-audience” joke. A prime example is in the episode "And Maggie Makes Three", wherein Patty and Selma are about to expose the secret of Marge's pregnancy: Selma: (Looking at the very beginning of the phonebook) "Hi Mr. Aaronson, I'd like to inform you that Marge Simpson is pregnant." Selma: (Looking exhausted at the very end of the phonebook) "Just thought you'd like to know, Mr. Zackowski. There! Aaronson and Zackowski are the town's biggest gossips. Within an hour, everyone will know. Both explanations can be put under the general heading of "failed expectations". In language, or a situation with a relevance factor, or even a sublime setting, an audience has a certain expectation. If these expectations fail in a way that has some credulity, humour results. It has been postulated that the laughter/feel good element of humour is a biological function that helps one deal with the new, expanded point of view: a lawyer thinks differently than a priest or rabbi (below), a banana peel on the floor could be dangerous. This is why some link of credulity is important rather than any random line being a punchline. For this reason, many jokes work in threes. For instance, a class of jokes exists beginning with the formulaic line "A priest, a rabbi, and a lawyer are sitting in a bar..." (or close variations on this). Typically, the priest will make a remark, the rabbi will continue in the same vein, and then the lawyer will make a third point that forms a sharp break from the established pattern, but nonetheless forms a logical (or at least stereotypical) response. Example of a variation: “ A gardener, an architect, and a lawyer are discussing which of their vocations is the most ancient. The gardener comments, "My vocation goes back to the Garden of Eden, when God told Adam to tend the garden." The architect comments, "My vocation goes back to the creation, when God created the world itself from primordial chaos." They both look curiously at the lawyer, who asks, "And who do you think created the primordial chaos?" ” In this vein of thought, knowing a punch line in advance, or some situation which would spoil the delivery of the punchline, can destroy the surprise factor, and in turn destroy the entertainment value or amusement the joke may have otherwise provided. Conversely, a person previously holding the same unexpected conclusions or secret perspectives as a comedian could derive amusement from hearing those same thoughts expressed and elaborated. That there is commonality, unity of thought, and an ability to openly analyse and express these (where secrecy and inhibited exploration was previously thought necessary) can be both the relevance and the surprise factors in these situations. This phenomenon explains much of the success of comedians who deal with same-gender and same-culture audiences on gender conflicts and cultural topics, respectively. Notable studies of humour have come from the pens of Aristotle in The Poetics (Part V) and of Schopenhauer. There also exist linguistic and psycholinguistic studies of humour, irony, parody and pretence. Prominent theoreticians in this field include Raymond Gibbs, Herbert Clark, Michael Billig, Willibald Ruch, Victor Raskin, Eliot Oring, and Salvatore Attardo. Although many writers have emphasised the positive or cathartic effects of humour some, notably Billig, have emphasised the potential of humour for cruelty and its involvement with social control and regulation. A number of science fiction writers have explored the theory of humour. In Stranger in a Strange Land, Robert A. Heinlein proposes that humour comes from pain, and that laughter is a mechanism to keep us from crying. Isaac Asimov, on the other hand, proposes (in his first jokebook, Treasury of Humor) that the essence of humour is anticlimax: an abrupt change in point of view, in which trivial matters are suddenly elevated in importance above those that would normally be far more important. Approaches to a general theory of humour have generally referred to analogy or some kind of analogical process of mapping structure from one domain of experience onto another. An early precursor of this approach would be Arthur Koestler, who identified humour as one of three areas of human creativity (science and art being the other two) that use structure mapping (then termed "bisociation" by Koestler) to create novel meanings[1]. Tony Veale, who is taking a more formalised computational approach than Koestler did, has written on the role of metaphor and metonymy in humour[2][3][4], using inspiration from Koestler as well as from Dedre Gentner´s theory of structure-mapping, George Lakoff´s and Mark Johnson´s theory of conceptual metaphor and Mark Turner´s and Gilles Fauconnier´s theory of conceptual blending. Humour evolution As any form of art, humour techniques evolve through time. Perception of humour varies greatly among social demographics and indeed from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.18th-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness". Humour formula This article or section does not cite its references or sources. Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations. (help, get involved!) This article has been tagged since October 2006. Root components: some surprise/misdirection, contradiction, ambiguity or paradox. appealing to feelings or to emotions. similar to reality, but not real Methods: metaphor hyperbole reframing timing Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture Funny Business, that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are: By being in an unusual place By behaving in an unusual way By being the wrong size Most sight gags fit into one or more of these categories. Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the laughing Buddha, who would answer all questions with a laugh

Translation English to Korean (urgent!!!!)? I have to translate this and send it to my friend by tonight (I'm in Korea right now) and it doesn't have to be 100% accurate. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Arist / Architect Kurt Wenner is an international master artist who interprets Renaissance classicism with a thoroughly singular voice. Unlike any other contemporary talent, Wenner fuses the visual patrimony of the past with twenty-first century imagination and stunning originality. His works do not copy or imitate the masters, but reinvent classicism for a new age. The scope of Wenner's work is not confined to a canvas or limited by a frame. He designs and executes permanent works of art and architecture, as well as ephemeral visual illusions. From sumptuous murals and fine art for public or private residences to the amazing illusionistic street painting he is famous for, Wenner's art is lived in rather than observed. His unique approach engages the observer with an attention to detail that captures the essential qualities of Renaissance art. Enter the amazing world of Kurt Wenner. Thanks a lot.